Model and scenario analysis using models of the human and/or Earth System are important tools for global environmental change research. These approaches have informed past assessments produced by the IPCC and contribute to the current AR6 assessment cycle. However, as research questions and new assessments increasingly address the intersection of human and Earth systems, there seems to be a need for improved coupling between human and physical systems that would allow for feedbacks and interactions to occur and emergent properties to evolve. Understanding the coupling of these systems is a newly emerging field of research that requires a broad range of exploratory modeling approaches to address fundamental questions: What key feedbacks play a role in shaping the co-evolution of these systems, what are the best ways to model interactions between these systems, and what are the best ways to represent uncertainty in these interacting systems?

• Climate Variability and Change (including Climate Modeling)
• Human Contributions & Responses
• Land-Use/Land-Cover Change