Citations

AGCI Interactive Energy Table

Data from 2018, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2019]
From 1035012 million tons of coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 8426032.692 TWh, latest data in June, 2018 [BP, 2018a]
Data in 2019 [Carbon Brief, 2020]
Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019b]
From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Installed coal-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate 0.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018g]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2018, vary based on technology [EIA, 2018s]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2019 [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
[Lazard, 2019]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
From 65 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
Data from 2018, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2019]
From 734903 million tons of hard coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 5982846 TWh; latest data in 2019 [BP, 2019b]
From Sub-bituminous coal (649513kt), Lignite (539433kt), total to 1188946 kt (9679.21 TWh), electricity efficiency 0.33, equivalent to 3226 TWh in 2014 [EIA, 2018b]
From 14,519,515TJ (Anthracite) + 33,733,135TJ (Metallurgical Coal) + 81,334,804TJ (Bituminous) = 129587454TJ, data in 2014 [EIA, 2018d]
Data in 2017, by calculation; coking coal and steam coal [IEA, 2018g]
From 65-80 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
From 65-80 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
Projected to 2040 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
Projected to 2040 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
Data from 2018, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2019]
From 319879 million tons of soft coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 2578270.98 TWh, latest data in 2019 [BP, 2019b]
Subbituminous(25,082,899TJ)+Lignite(10,937,540TJ) = 36,020,439 TJ, equivalent to 10,006 TWh, data in 2014 [EIA, 2018c]
From 25,082,899TJ(subbituminous) + 10,937,540TJ (lignite) = 36020439TJ, data in 2014. [EIA, 2018d]
Data in 2017, by calculation; lignite [IEA, 2018g]
From 38-52 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
From 38-52 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
From upper end of total peat in situ range of 6,000-13,800 billion m3. Conversion is referred to (Virtanen, 2012) that 23.7 billion m3 of energy peat reserve in situ contents energy 12 800 TWh. [WEC, 2013a; Kimmo Virtanen, 2012]
From 0.3 trillion tons, conversion 20-23 MJ/kg peat. [Fuchsman, 2012; FAO, 1988]
From 3535kt (28.78 TWh), electricity efficiency 0.33, equivalent to 9.6 TWh, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018b]
From 15.2Mt, data in 2014. [IEA, 2014]
Data in 2016, by calculation [IEA, 2018g]
Data from 2018, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2019]
Data from 2018, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2019]
Data for 2019 [IEA, 2020]
Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Data in 2019 for oil run steam turbine generators [EIA, 2019b]
From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Installed liquids-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate -1.1%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018h]
From 18.27 (2015$/MMBtu), data in 2015 [EIA, 2016b]
From 18.27 (2015$/MMBtu), data in 2015 [EIA, 2016b]
From 18.05-23.49$(2015)/MMBtu, data in 2015. [IEA, 2018o]
From 18.05-23.49$(2015)/MMBtu, data in 2015. [IEA, 2018o]
Data from 2018, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2019]
Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
From 95.24-96.83 mb/d, data in 2016 [IEA, 2018e]
From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Crude oil /a production growth rate 0.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018i]
From $45-115/bbl, in 2014-2015 [EIA, 2015b]
From $45-115/bbl, in 2014-2015 [EIA, 2015b]
From $95/bbl (nomil $), projected to 2030 [EIA, 2007]
Data from 2018, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2019]
From ~600 billion barrels [Speight, 2016]
From oil shale and oil sands 14,973 kt, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018b]
From 635000 barrels per day (Venezuela+Madagascar+US), in 2015 [Tarsanworld, 2017]
Production growth rate. From Over the 15-year period CAPP sees crude oil production rising by 1.1 million b/d from 3.852 million b/d in 2015 (actual) to 4.928 million b/d in 2030. Most of the growth will come from oilsands which will rise from 2.365 million b/d to 3.668 million b/d, an increase of about one-third; 2015-2030 [Statista, 2018b]
From $60.52-75.73/bbl [Giacchetta, 2015b]
From $60.52-75.73/bbl [Giacchetta, 2015b]
Data from 2018, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2019]
From 418.9 billion barrels of tight oil (unproved technically recoverable) [EIA, 2015]
From 4.98 million barrels per day (b/d), data in 2015[EIA, 2017d]
Production growth rate, 2.0 million b/d in 2012, 7.3 million b/d in 2030, by calculation. [EIA, 2017b]
From $51/bbl [WorldOil, 2016]
From $51/bbl [WorldOil, 2016]
From 4,291 billion barrels [WEC, 2017b]
From 345 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil resources [EIA, 2013b]
From oil shale and oil sands 14,973 kt, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018b]
From global production of kerogen oil lies at around 20 000 barrels per day (b/d) [ IEA, 2013]
Data in 2018, by calculation [IEA, 2019]
2023-2030 [EIA, 2009]
Sum of conventional gas and unconventional gas
Data for 2019 [IEA, 2020]
Sum of conventional gas and shale gas
Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Data in 2019 for combined cycle NG plants [EIA, 2019b]
From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Installed natural-gas-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018j]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2018, vary based on technology[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2019 [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Data from 2018, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2019]
From 6851.8 trilllion cubic feet of conventional gas (proved reserves), data in end of 2018. [BP, 2019b]
Data for 2019 [IEA, 2020]
Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
[IEA, 2019]
From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Net natural-gas-fired electricity generation growth rate 2.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018k]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 52 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
Data from 2018, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2019]
From 7,576.6 trillion cubic feet of wet shale gas (unproved technically recoverable) [EIA, 2015a]
From 40 bcf/d, data in 2016 [Berman, 2016]
From the United States(37bcf/d), Canada(4.1bcf/d), China(0.5bcf/d), and Argentina 18.93 TWh, data in 2015 [EIA, 2017a] [EIA, 2017e]
Data in 2015, by calculation [EIA, 2017a]
Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018l]
[Gao & You, 2015]
[Gao & You, 2015]
From $5.06/MBtu [BP, 2015]
Data from 2018, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2019]
From ~60% of GIP (gas in place) 275 TCF [Thakur, 2016]
From global CBM production was 2,920.3 Bcf in 2013 and is expected to reach 4,667.4 Bcf by 2020, growing at a CAGR of 7% from 2014 to 2020 [Prnewswire]
Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018l]
[Sarhosis et al., 2016]
From 20,000 trillion cubic meters, or ~ 700,000 Tcf [NETL, 2011]
From 6,700 Tcf [US DOE, 2011]
From 834 bcm.[WOR, 2014]
Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018l]
From $4.70 to $8.60 per MBtu, projected to 2025 [Lester, 2016]
From $4.70 to $8.60 per MBtu, projected to 2025 [Lester, 2016]
Data for 2019 [IEA, 2020]
Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019a]
From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Installed nuclear generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018m]
Data in 2019 [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
In 2016 dollars [NREL, 2018/a>]
Data in 2019 for advanced nuclear [EIA, 2020]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2019 [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
From 146 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
From 5,718,400 tonnes, data in 2015. A generic 1.0 GWe Light Water Reactor (LWR) producing 6.6 TWh per year requires about 150 tons of natural uranium. 5,718,400/150*6.6 = 2,516,000 TWh/yr [WNA, 2016a.]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 6,355,000 tonnes. [WNA, 2017a.] It is estimated that one ton of thorium can produce as much energy as 35 tons of uranium in a liquid fluoride thorium reactor. Thus, equivalent to 9,786,700 TWh/yr. [Ting, Jason. Thorium Energy Viability. 2015.]
[Ramachandra & Shruthi, 2007]
~1500 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2016]
Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
[REN21, 2016]
From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
From 2017 to 2018 [REN21, 2018]
Installed solar generating capacity (GW) growth rate 4.9%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018n]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
From 6,500 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
Data in 2018 [REN 21, 2019]
Data in 2018 [REN 21, 2019]
Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019a]
From 2017 to 2018 [REN21, 2019]
From 227GW in 2015, 780GW in 2030, by calculation [REN21, 2016] ; [IRE, 2016]
Lower Range for Utility Scale PV [Lazard, 2018]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
From 20-25% of LCOE; data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 20-25% of LCOE; data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
From 72 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
The theoretical potential of low temperature thermal far exceeds human energy demand. [Edenhofer et al., 2011]
Data in 2018 [REN 21, 2019]
Data in 2018 [REN 21, 2019]
Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019a]
From 2017 to 2018 [REN21, 2019]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
From 149.1-314.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 149.1-314.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 4,600 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
Data in 2018 [REN 21, 2019]
Data in 2018 [REN 21, 2019]
Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Data in 2017 [REN21, 2018]
From 2017 to 2018 [REN21, 2019]
From 4.8GW in 2015, 44GW in 2030, by calculation, p140 Table R1 [REN 21, 2016; IRE, 2016]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
From 0.02-0.03 USD/kWh for Parabolic Though Collector(PTC),0.03-0.04 USD/kWh for Solar Tower(ST); data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 0.02-0.03 USD/kWh for Parabolic Though Collector(PTC),0.03-0.04 USD/kWh for Solar Tower(ST); data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
From 5800 EJ/yr [REN21, 2004]
[]
[BP, 2020]
Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Data in 2018 [BP, 2019]
Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019a]
From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Installed wind-powered generating capacity (GW) growth rate 3.1%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018m]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
From 37.7-172.7 $(2016)/MWh,projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 37.7-172.7 $(2016)/MWh,projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 94.8953 TW [WWEA, 2014]
From 13.6 TW [Zhou et al., 2012]
Data in end 2018 [GWEC, 2019]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
From 789,807 GWh, data in 2016 [IRENA, 2017]
Data in 2018 [REN21, 2019]
From 2017 to 2018 [REN21, 2019]
Production growth rate, projected to 2020 [EIA, 2015c]
Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
From 56 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
From ~61 TW [Makridis, 2013]
[Ackermann et al., 2004.]
Data in end 2018 [GWEC, 2019]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
From 35,973 GWh, data in 2016 [IRENA, 2017]
Data in 2018 [REN21, 2019]
From 2017 to 2018 [REN21, 2019]
Production growth rate, projected to 2020 [EIA, 2015c]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [NREL, 2018]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
From 1,800 TW [Marvel et al., 2013]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
From 52 pWh/yr [Hoes et al., 2017]
[WEC, 2017d]
Data in 2018 [IHA, 2019]
Data in 2018 [IHA, 2019]
Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019a]
From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
Installed hydroelectric generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.0%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018p]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRENA, 2018]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
In 2017 dollars [NREL, 2019]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
[Johansson et al., 2004]
From upper range of 1.8-33 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2012]
Data in 2018 [REN21, 2019]
Data in 2018 [IEA, 2019b]
From 963 GWh, data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
1GW in 2015, 11GW in 2030, capacity growth rate 2015-2030 [Raventos et al., 2010.]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
[WEC, 2017c]
[Krewitt et al., 2009]
Wave and tidal energy [REN 21, 2016]
From nearly 1TWh, data in 2017. [REN21, 2018]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
From 148 EUR/MWh [IRE, 2014b]
From 148 EUR/MWh [IRENA, 2014b]
[EY, 2013]
[WEC, 2017c]
Not at a commercial scale
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
From 3.7 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
Data in 2017 [REN21, 2018]
Data in 2018 [IEA, 2019b]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
From 75 ￡/MWh, projected to 2030 [Hundleby & Blanch, 2016]
[IEA, 2017a]
The total technical potential for salinity gradient power is estimated to be around 647 gigawatts (GW) globally, (compared to a global power capacity in 2011 of 5 456 GW), which is equivalent to 5,177 terawatt-hours (TWh), or 23% of electricity consumption in 2011. [IRE, 2014a]
[EY, 2016]
Not at a commercial scale
From 45 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
From upper range of 1.2-22 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2012]
From 13.3 GW power and 26 GW direct use [REN21, 2019]
Data in 2018 [REN21, 2019]
From 170TWh or 613 PJ, data in 2017. [REN21, 2018]
Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019a]
From 2017 to 2018 [REN21, 2019]
Geothermal generating capacity (GW) growth rate 4.4%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018q]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
[IRENA, 2018]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2019 [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
[EBIA]
From upper range of 160–270 EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
From 130 GW bio-power and 421 GW bio-heat [REN 21, 2019]
Data in 2018 [REN21,2019]
From 62.5 EJ, data in 2016 [REN21, 2017, p45]
Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019a]
From 2017 to 2018 (using bio-electricity as a proxy) [REN21, 2019]
Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018r]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2019 [EIA, 2020]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
In 2017 dollars [NREL, 2019]
From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
Agricultural residues (10–66 EJ), forestry residues (3–35 EJ), forestry (60–230 EJ). Sum to 73 - 331 EJ, equivalent to 20,278 - 91,944 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
From 49 EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018f]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018d]
Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018r]
[REN 21, 2013]
[REN 21, 2013]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From upper range of 12-120 EJ, equivalent to 3,333-33,333 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
From 11EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
Data from 2019 [IRENA, 2020]
Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
Data in 2018 upto November, for US. [EIA, 2018e]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018c]
Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018r]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
Data from 2019 [World Biogas Association, 2019]
Data from 2019 [World Biogas Association, 2019]
Data from 2019 [IRENA, 2020]
Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
[GCB, 2013]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
Data from 2019 [IRENA, 2020]
Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
Data in 2019 [IEA, 2020b]
Data in 2019 [IEA, 2020b]

Energy Storage Technologies

[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Acar, 2018]
[Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Argyrou et al. 2018]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
Underground CAES: 5-400 MW; aboveground CAES: 3-15 MW [ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Acar, 2018]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Argyrou et al. 2018]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Acar, 2018]
Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Acar, 2018]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Acar, 2018]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Argyrou et al. 2018]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Argyrou et al. 2018]
[Argyrou et al. 2018]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[Argyrou et al. 2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Gur, 2018]
[Gur, 2018]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
For all Ni based batteries installed upto 2017[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
converted from 399-779 €/kWh [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
from average 25 €/kW-yr [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]

Energy Source	Resource (TWh)	Resource (TWh/yr)	Reserve (TWh)	Reserve (TWh/yr)	Installed Capacity (GW)	Production, Elec (TWh)	Total Primary Energy Supply (TWh)	Capacity Factor (%)	Current Rates (%)	Projected Rates (%)	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	Lifetime Costs (USD/MWh)
	availability				installed scale				growth		cost
											Capital Costs (USD/kW)		Fixed O&M Costs (USD/kW-yr)		Variable O&M Costs (USD/MWh)		Levelized Costs (USD/MWh)		Projected Costs (USD/MWh)
Totals	830,245,906		41,542,062		11,797	75,199	170,785
Coal	187,356,974 ^[1]		10,478,117 ^[2]		2,100 ^[3]	10,101 ^[4]	43,870 ^[5]	47.5 ^[6]	4.3 ^[7]	0.2 ^[8]	226 ^[9]	5,851 ^[10]	33 ^[11]	80 ^[12]	1.3 ^[13]	10.93 ^[14]	66 ^[15]	152 ^[16]	71 ^[17]	148 ^[18]	65 ^[19]
Hard	148,768,634 ^[20]		5,982,846 ^[21]			8,871 ^[22]	35,997 ^[23]		3.3 ^[24]								86.45 ^[25]	106.4 ^[26]	45.1 ^[27]	^[28]
Soft	35,972,300 ^[29]		2,578,271 ^[30]			3,226 ^[31]	10,006 ^[32]		1.26 ^[33]								50.54 ^[34]	69.16 ^[35]
Peat	7,453,200 ^[36]		1,917,000 ^[37]			10 ^[38]	93 ^[39]		-19 ^[40]
Oil	10,476,840 ^[41]		2,888,991 ^[42]		490 ^[43]	803 ^[44]	51,893 ^[45]	12.7 ^[46]	2.4 ^[47]	-1.1 ^[48]							62.3 ^[49]	^[50]	61.54 ^[51]	80.09 ^[52]
Conventional Crude	3,640,129 ^[53]		2,838,883 ^[54]			990 ^[55]	43,851 ^[56]		2.4 ^[57]	0.6 ^[58]							27.6 ^[59]	70.6 ^[60]	58.3 ^[61]
Tar sands	3,177,890 ^[62]		1,020,000 ^[63]			122 ^[64]	1,704 ^[65]			2.97 ^[66]							37.17 ^[67]	46.51 ^[68]
Tight oil	842,906 ^[69]		711,881 ^[70]				2,960 ^[71]			9.015 ^[72]							31.3 ^[73]	^[74]
Oil shale	7,292,153 ^[75]		586,500 ^[76]			^[77]	119 ^[78]		-6.5 ^[79]	35 ^[80]
Gas	212,632,440 ^[81]		6,269,787		1,800 ^[82]	^[83]	38,484 ^[84]	56.8 ^[85]	5.2 ^[86]	1.2 ^[87]	671 ^[88]	2,470 ^[89]	11 ^[90]	35.01 ^[91]	3 ^[92]	5.82 ^[93]	44 ^[94]	199 ^[95]	40 ^[96]	129 ^[97]
Conventional Gas	4,408,961 ^[98]		2,037,372 ^[99]		1,800 ^[100]	6,183 ^[101]	40,871 ^[102]		5.3 ^[103]	2.2 ^[104]	^[105]	^[106]					44 ^[107]	199 ^[108]	53.2 ^[109]	152.1 ^[110]	52 ^[111]
Shale gas	2,556,166 ^[112]		2,220,482 ^[113]			4,279 ^[114]	4,469 ^[115]		54.13 ^[116]	3.6 ^[117]							69 ^[118]	91 ^[119]	17.3 ^[120]
Coalbed methane	517,564 ^[121]		48,357 ^[122]				856 ^[123]			3.6 ^[124]							46 ^[125]
Methane hydrates	205,149,749 ^[126]		1,963,576 ^[127]				8,632 ^[128]			3.6 ^[129]									16 ^[130]	29.3 ^[131]
Nuclear					490 ^[132]	2,701 ^[133]	7,109 ^[134]	93.5 ^[135]	2.4 ^[136]	1 ^[137]	5,947 ^[138]	6016 ^[139]	99 ^[140]	121.13 ^[141]	2 ^[142]	2.36 ^[143]	118 ^[144]	192 ^[145]	61 ^[146]	93.8 ^[147]	146 ^[148]
Uranium fission		2,516,000 ^[149]															63 ^[150]	189 ^[151]	61 ^[152]	93.8 ^[153]
Thorium fission		9,786,700 ^[154]
Solar		152,033,485 ^[155]		720,000 ^[156]	990.5	594.2 ^[157]	1,694 ^[158]	^[159]	28.9 ^[160]	4.9 ^[161]							32 ^[162]	181 ^[163]
Photovoltaic (PV)		56,940,000 ^[164]		469,000 ^[165]	505 ^[166]	584.6 ^[167]	244 ^[168]	24.5 ^[169]	24.7 ^[170]	9 ^[171]	950 ^[172]	1331 ^[173]	15.19 ^[174]	23 ^[175]	20 ^[176]	25 ^[177]	32 ^[178]	44 ^[179]	20 ^[180]	74 ^[181]	72 ^[182]
Low-temp thermal		^[183]		^[184]	480 ^[185]	9.6 ^[186]	10 ^[187]	21.2 ^[188]	1.69 ^[189]								95 ^[190]	181 ^[191]	155.4 ^[192]	340.6 ^[193]
High-temp thermal		40,296,000 ^[194]		2,230,000 ^[195]	5.5 ^[196]	^[197]	8 ^[198]	29.6 ^[199]	11 ^[200]	16 ^[201]	4,798 ^[202]	7191 ^[203]		85.03 ^[204]	20 ^[205]	40 ^[206]	126 ^[207]	156 ^[208]
Wind		1,611,111 ^[209]		278,000 ^[210]	620.0 ^[211]	1,128 ^[212]	1,128 ^[213]	36 ^[214]	12.60 ^[215]	3.1 ^[216]							28 ^[217]	115 ^[218]	37.7 ^[219]	172.7 ^[220]
Onshore		831,324 ^[221]		119,500.0 ^[222]	574.5 ^[223]	790 ^[224]	790 ^[225]	35 ^[226]	11 ^[227]	12 ^[228]	1,150 ^[229]	1319 ^[230]	26.22 ^[231]	51 ^[232]	0.02 ^[233]	0.03 ^[234]	28 ^[235]	54 ^[236]	29 ^[237]	132 ^[238]	56 ^[239]
Offshore		534,360 ^[240]		36,999.0 ^[241]	24.8 ^[242]	36.0 ^[243]	36 ^[244]	53 ^[245]	23.53 ^[246]	24 ^[247]	3,025 ^[248]	4356 ^[249]	20 ^[250]	109.54 ^[251]			64 ^[252]	115 ^[253]	66 ^[254]	164 ^[255]
High-altitude		15,768,000 ^[256]				^[257]
Hydro		52,000 ^[258]		10,000 ^[259]	1,292 ^[260]	4,200 ^[261]	11,025 ^[262]	39.1 ^[263]	3.1 ^[264]	1 ^[265]	1,000 ^[266]	2752 ^[267]	15 ^[268]	41.63 ^[269]	0.003 ^[270]		35 ^[271]	71 ^[272]	36 ^[273]	69 ^[274]
Ocean		2,040,000 ^[275]		9,200 ^[276]	0.532 ^[277]	1.2 ^[278]	1 ^[279]			22.4 ^[280]							70 ^[281]	940 ^[282]
Wave		29,500 ^[283]		5,555 ^[284]		1.0 ^[285]	1 ^[286]	30-35 ^[287]			3,600 ^[288]	15,300 ^[289]	100 ^[290]	500 ^[291]			70 ^[292]	940 ^[293]	165 ^[294]	198 ^[295]
Thermal conversion		10,000 ^[296]		32,000 ^[297]		Not at a commercial scale ^[298]	Not at a commercial scale	97 ^[299]			15,000 ^[300]	30,000 ^[301]	480 ^[302]	950 ^[303]			350 ^[304]	650 ^[305]
Tidal/currents		32,412 ^[306]			0.5000 ^[307]	1.2 ^[308]	Not at a commercial scale	35-42 ^[309]			4,300 ^[310]	8,700 ^[311]	150 ^[312]	530 ^[313]			210 ^[314]	470 ^[315]	94 ^[316]
Salinity gradients		5,177 ^[317]		5,177 ^[318]	0.000 ^[319]	Not at a commercial scale ^[320]	Not at a commercial scale										Not at a commercial level
Geothermal		394,200 ^[321]		6,000 ^[322]	39.3 ^[323]	89.3 ^[324]	157 ^[325]	74.4 ^[326]	5.1 ^[327]	4 ^[328]	2,680 ^[329]	6,400	113.29 ^[330]		^[331]	1.16 ^[332]	69 ^[333]	112 ^[334]	80 ^[335]	230 ^[336]
Biomass		408,611 ^[337]		75,000 ^[338]	551 ^[339]	15,425 ^[340]	15,424 ^[341]	59.2 ^[342]	9.6 ^[343]	1 ^[344]	2,668 ^[345]	4,080 ^[346]	53 ^[347]	125.19 ^[348]	0.005 ^[349]	4.81 ^[350]	55 ^[351]	113 ^[352]	73.2 ^[353]	114.5 ^[354]
Wood and residues		91,944 ^[355]		13,611 ^[356]		13,333 ^[357]	13,333 ^[358]	50.7 ^[359]	6.79 ^[360]	1 ^[361]	200 ^[362]	5,500 ^[363]					55 ^[364]	114 ^[365]	73.2 ^[366]	114.5 ^[367]
Waste		33,333 ^[368]		3,055 ^[369]	14.5 ^[370]	694.0 ^[371]	694 ^[372]	73.24 ^[373]	0.23 ^[374]	1 ^[375]							55 ^[376]	114 ^[377]	73.2 ^[378]	114.5 ^[379]
Energy crops		4,157 ^[380]		297.0 ^[381]	19.0 ^[382]	1,027.8 ^[383]	1027.8 ^[384]			^[385]							55 ^[386]	114 ^[387]	73.2 ^[388]	114.5 ^[389]
Biogas					19.5	369.44	369.44										50	190

Storage Type	Power Rating/Rated Power (MW, range)	Rated Energy Capacity (MWh, range)	Installed Capacity (GW)	Storage Duration	Discharge/cycle duration	Cycle/Roundtrip Efficiency (%, range)	Lifetime (yrs)	Lifetime (cycles)	Mobile vs. Stationary	Capital Cost ($/kWh)	Fixed Operation + Maintenance ($/kW-yr)	Variable Operation + Maintenance ($/kWh)	Technical Maturity	Energy Density	Power Density
	power	capacity		duration		efficiency	lifetime		mobility	cost				density


Mechanical
Pumped Hydro	100-5000 ^[390]	500-40000 ^[391]	169 ^[392]	h-days ^[393]	1-24h ^[394]	70-85 ^[395]	30-60 ^[396]	20,000-50,000 ^[397]	Stationary	50-100 ^[398]	15.9 ^[399]	0.00025 ^[400]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[401]	0.2-2 Wh/L ^[402]	0.5-1.5 W/L ^[403]
Compressed Air (CAES)	100-300 ^[404]	1000-20000 ^[405]	0.64 ^[406]	h-days ^[407]	1-24h ^[408]	41-75 ^[409]	20-40 ^[410]	>13,000 ^[411]	Stationary	2-50 ^[412]	16.7 ^[413]	0.00295 ^[414]	System complete and qualified ^[415]	~12 Wh/L ^[416]	0.5-2 W/L ^[417]
Flywheel	0.1-2 ^[418]	0.0052-5 ^[419]	0.93 ^[420]	s-min ^[421]	ms-15m ^[422]	80-90 ^[423]	15-20 ^[424]	~100000 ^[425]	Stationary	200-500 ^[426]	5.6 ^[427]	0.00027 ^[428]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[429]	20-80 Wh/L ^[430]	~5000 W/L ^[431]
Electrochemical
Secondary Batteries
Lead-acid	0-20 ^[432]	<10 ^[433]	0.08 ^[434]	min-days ^[435]	s-h ^[436]	75-85 ^[437]	3-12 ^[438]	200-1800 ^[439]	Mobile	200-500 ^[440]	50 ^[441]	0.0002 ^[442]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[443]	25-45 Wh/kg ^[444]	180-200 W/kg ^[445]
Li-Ion	0-0.1 ^[446]	<200 ^[447]	1.12 ^[448]	min-days ^[449]	m-h ^[450]	90-97 ^[451]	10-15 ^[452]	1000-10000 ^[453]	Mobile	600-2500 ^[454]	8.6 ^[455]	0.00054 ^[456]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[457]	150-210 Wh/kg ^[458]	500-2000 W/kg ^[459]
NaS	0.05-8 ^[460]	0.1–244.8 ^[461]	0.03 ^[462]	h-days ^[463]	s-h ^[464]	75-90 ^[465]	10~15 ^[466]	2,500-4,500 ^[467]	Mobile	300-500 ^[468]	80 ^[469]	0.0004 ^[470]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[471]	15-300 Wh/L ^[472]	120-160 W/L ^[473]
Flow Battery
Redox Flow	0.01-10 ^[474]	0.1-120		h-months ^[475]	s-10h ^[476]	65-85 ^[477]	5~10 ^[478]	10,000-13,000 ^[479]	Mobile	300-515 ^[480]	10.6 ^[481]	1.1 ^[482]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[483]	10-35 Wh/kg	166W/kg
Hybrid Flow	NA	NA ^[484]		NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Mobile	NA	NA	NA	Actual system proven in operational environment
Electrical
Capacitor/Supercapacitor	0-0.05 ^[485]	0.0025-0.02 ^[486]	0.08 ^[487]	s-h ^[488]	ms-60m ^[489]	60-65 ^[490]	5~8 ^[491]	50000 ^[492]	Mobile	300-2000 ^[493]	1 ^[494]	0-0.05 ^[495]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[496]	2~30 ^[497]	100000+ ^[498]
Super Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)	0.1-10 ^[499]	0.0008-0.015 ^[500]		min-h ^[501]	ms-8s ^[502]	95-98 ^[503]	15~20 ^[504]	>100,000 ^[505]	Stationary	1000-10000 ^[506]	18.5 ^[507]	0.001 ^[508]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[509]	~6 Wh/L ^[510]	1000-4000 W/L ^[511]
Thermochemical
Solar Fuels	0-10 ^[512]	NA		h-months ^[513]	1~24 ^[514]	~20-30 ^[515]	NA	NA	Stationary	NA	NA	NA	Technology demonstrated in relevant environment ^[516]	500-10,000	NA
Chemical
Hydrogen Fuel Cell/Electrolyzer	0-50 ^[517]	0.312 ^[518]	0.015 ^[519]	h-months ^[520]	s-24h ^[521]	34-44 ^[522]	10-30 ^[523]	20000 ^[524]	Mobile	470-925 ^[525]	30 ^[526]	NA	System complete and qualified ^[527]	500-3000 ^[528]	500+ ^[529]
Thermal
Sensible/latent heat storage	0.1–300 ^[530]	NA		min-months ^[531]	1-24h ^[532]	~30-60 ^[533]	5~20 ^[534]	NA	Stationary	20-60 ^[535]	NA	NA	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[536]	80-500	NA

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