Citations

AGCI Interactive Energy Table

Sum of hard coal, soft coal, and peat; data in 2014 [WEC, 2017a; WEC, 2013a; ]
From 1035012 million tons of coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 8426032.692 TWh, latest data in June, 2018 [BP, 2018a]
Data in 2017, Inclusive of CHP, Supercritical and SUbcritical production [IEA, 2018a]
Data in 2017 [BP, 2018d]
From 3731.5 million TOE; data in 2017 [BP, 2018d]
Data in 2018 upto November [EIA, 2018e]
From 2016 to 2017 [BP, 2018d]
Installed coal-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate 0.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018g]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2019a]
Data in 2018, vary based on technology [EIA, 2018s]
Data in 2018, Upper bound is for coal with 90% CCS which is projected to come online in 2021 [EIA, 2019a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2018, Corresponds to advanced coal with 90% CCS expected to come online in 2021 [EIA, 2019]
Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
In 2016 dollars for coal with 90% CCS[NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
From 65 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
From 17,713,376 million tons of hard coal resource; data in 2014. [WEC, 2017a]
From 718310 million tons of hard coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 5847761.71 TWh; latest data in June, 2018 [BP, 2018a]
From Sub-bituminous coal (649513kt), Lignite (539433kt), total to 1188946 kt (9679.21 TWh), electricity efficiency 0.33, equivalent to 3226 TWh in 2014 [EIA, 2018b]
From 14,519,515TJ (Anthracite) + 33,733,135TJ (Metallurgical Coal) + 81,334,804TJ (Bituminous) = 129587454TJ, data in 2014 [EIA, 2018d]
Data in 2017, by calculation; coking coal and steam coal [IEA, 2018g]
From 65-80 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
From 65-80 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
Projected to 2040 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
From 4,418,658 million tons of soft coal resource; data in 2014. [WEC, 2017a]
From 316702 million tons of soft coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 2578270.98 TWh, latest data in June, 2018 [BP, 2018a]
Subbituminous(25,082,899TJ)+Lignite(10,937,540TJ) = 36,020,439 TJ, equivalent to 10,006 TWh, data in 2014 [EIA, 2018c]
From 25,082,899TJ(subbituminous) + 10,937,540TJ (lignite) = 36020439TJ, data in 2014. [EIA, 2018d]
Data in 2017, by calculation; lignite [IEA, 2018g]
From 38-52 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
From 38-52 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
From upper end of total peat in situ range of 6,000-13,800 billion m3. Conversion is referred to (Virtanen, 2012) that 23.7 billion m3 of energy peat reserve in situ contents energy 12 800 TWh. [WEC, 2013a; Kimmo Virtanen, 2012]
From 0.3 trillion tons, conversion 20-23 MJ/kg peat. [Fuchsman, 2012; FAO, 1988]
From 3535kt (28.78 TWh), electricity efficiency 0.33, equivalent to 9.6 TWh, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018b]
From 15.2Mt, data in 2014. [IEA, 2014]
Data in 2016, by calculation [IEA, 2018g]
Sum of conventiol crude, tar sands, tight oil, and oil shale
From 18.4 ZJ of oil (world proven)[Thakur, 2016]
Data for 2015-2030 [IEA, 2015b]
Data in 2014 [IEA, 2016]
From 4621.9 MTOE, data in 2017 [BP, 2018d]
Data in 2018 upto November, for US; 14.0% for Steam Turbine, 2.53% for Combustion Turbine [EIA, 2018e]
Data in 2016, by calculation [IEA, 2017c]
Installed liquids-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate -1.1%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018h]
From 18.27 (2015$/MMBtu), data in 2015 [EIA, 2016b]
From 18.27 (2015$/MMBtu), data in 2015 [EIA, 2016b]
From 18.05-23.49$(2015)/MMBtu, data in 2015. [IEA, 2018o]
From 18.05-23.49$(2015)/MMBtu, data in 2015. [IEA, 2018o]
From 3.1 trillion barrels (including initial, proven and probable reserves), equivalent to 5,268,160 TWh. [IEA, 2013a]
From 1696.6 thousand million barrels of conventiol crude (proved reserves); data in end of 2017. [BP, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [BP, 2018d]
From 95.24-96.83 mb/d, data in 2016 [IEA, 2018e]
From 2016 to 2017 [BP, 2018d]
Crude oil /a production growth rate 0.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018i]
From $45-115/bbl, in 2014-2015 [EIA, 2015b]
From $45-115/bbl, in 2014-2015 [EIA, 2015b]
From $95/bbl (nomil $), projected to 2030 [EIA, 2007]
It is estimated that over 2 trillion barrels (equilavlent to ~3,398,800 TWh) of oil reserves exist in the form of tar sands, although not all of these resources are economically or technically recoverable; data in 2015. [Robert Strauss Center, UT Austin, 2015]
From ~600 billion barrels [Speight, 2016]
From oil shale and oil sands 14,973 kt, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018b]
From 635000 barrels per day (Venezuela+Madagascar+US), in 2015 [Tarsanworld, 2017]
Production growth rate. From Over the 15-year period CAPP sees crude oil production rising by 1.1 million b/d from 3.852 million b/d in 2015 (actual) to 4.928 million b/d in 2030. Most of the growth will come from oilsands which will rise from 2.365 million b/d to 3.668 million b/d, an increase of about one-third; 2015-2030 [Statista, 2018b]
From $60.52-75.73/bbl [Giacchetta, 2015b]
From $60.52-75.73/bbl [Giacchetta, 2015b]
From 418.9 billion barrels of tight oil (unproved technically recoverable), data updated in 2015 [EIA, 2015a]
From 175 billion barrels of commercial recoverable tight oil, data in 2013 [OGJ, 2013]
From 4.98 million barrels per day (b/d), data in 2015[EIA, 2017d]
Production growth rate, 2.0 million b/d in 2012, 7.3 million b/d in 2030, by calculation. [EIA, 2017b]
From $51/bbl [WorldOil, 2016]
From $51/bbl [WorldOil, 2016]
From 4,291 billion barrels [WEC, 2017b]
From 345 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil resources [EIA, 2013b]
From oil shale and oil sands 14,973 kt, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018b]
From global production of kerogen oil lies at around 20 000 barrels per day (b/d) [ IEA, 2013]
Data in 2015, by calculation [IEA, 2017]
2023-2030 [EIA, 2009]
Sum of conventional gas and unconventional gas
From 15.7ZJ of gas (world proved), equivalent to 4,361,111 TWh[Thakur, 2016]
Projections for 2018 [EIA, 2018a]
Sum of conventional gas and shale gas
From 3156 MTOE, data in 2017. [BP, 2018d]
Data in 2018 upto November, for US; 58.2% for Combined Cycle, 14.36% for Combustion Turbine, 11.3% for Steam Turbine [EIA, 2018e]
Data in 2016 [IEA, 2017d]
Installed tural-gas-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018j]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2019, vary from technology [EIA, 2019a]
Data in 2018, vary based on technology[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2018, Upper bound corresponds to Advanced CC generation with CCS projected to come online in 2021 [EIA, 2019a]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
From 10,000 tcf. [Thakur & Rajput, 2011]
From 6831.7 trilllion cubic feet of conventional gas (proved reserves), data in end of 2017. [BP, 2018c]
Projections for 2018 [EIA, 2018a]
Data in 2017 [BP, 2018d]
From 138469424TJ, data in 2015 [IEA, 2018c]
From 2016 to 2017 [BP, 2018d]
Net tural-gas-fired electricity generation growth rate 2.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018k]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 52 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
From 16,110 tcf (456 tcm) [WEC, 2013b]
From 7,576.6 trillion cubic feet of wet shale gas (unproved technically recoverable) [EIA, 2015]
From 40 bcf/d, data in 2016 [Berman, 2016]
From the United States(37bcf/d), Canada(4.1bcf/d), China(0.5bcf/d), and Argentina 18.93 TWh, data in 2015 [EIA, 2017a] [EIA, 2017e]
Data in 2015, by calculation [EIA, 2017a]
Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018l]
[Gao & You, 2015]
[Gao & You, 2015]
From $5.06/MBtu [BP, 2015]
From upper limit of 275-11,296 trillion cubic feet [Thakur, 2016 ]
From ~30% of GIP (gas in place) [Thakur, 2016; FMI, 2018]
From global CBM production was 2,920.3 Bcf in 2013 and is expected to reach 4,667.4 Bcf by 2020, growing at a CAGR of 7% from 2014 to 2020 [Prnewswire]
Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018l]
[Sarhosis et al., 2016]
From 20,000 trillion cubic meters, or ~ 700,000 Tcf [NETL, 2011]
From 6,700 Tcf [US DOE, 2011]
From 834 bcm.[WOR, 2014]
Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018l]
From $4.70 to $8.60 per MBtu, projected to 2025 [Lester, 2016]
From $4.70 to $8.60 per MBtu, projected to 2025 [Lester, 2016]
Data in 2015 [IAEA, 2016]
Data in 2017 [BP, 2018d]
From 596.4 MTOE , data in 2017 [BP, 2018d]
Data in 2018 upto November, for US. [EIA, 2018e]
From 2016 to 2017 [BP, 2018d]
Installed nuclear generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018m]
Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019a]
in 2016 dollars [NREL, 2018/a>]
Data in 2018 for advanced nuclear expected to come online in 2022 [EIA, 2019a]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
From 146 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
From 5,718,400 tonnes, data in 2015. A generic 1.0 GWe Light Water Reactor (LWR) producing 6.6 TWh per year requires about 150 tons of natural uranium. 5,718,400/150*6.6 = 2,516,000 TWh/yr [WNA, 2016a.]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 6,355,000 tonnes. [WNA, 2017a.] It is estimated that one ton of thorium can produce as much energy as 35 tons of uranium in a liquid fluoride thorium reactor. Thus, equivalent to 9,786,700 TWh/yr. [Ting, Jason. Thorium Energy Viability. 2015.]
[Ramachandra & Shruthi, 2007]
~1500 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2016]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
From (402+4.9+472)* Cap Factor av .22 * 8760/1000 = 1693.82TWh Data in 2016 [REN21, 2018]
Data in 2018 up to November [EIA, 2018e]
From 2017 to 2018 [SEIA, 2018]
Installed solar generating capacity (GW) growth rate 4.9%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018n]
From 6,500 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
372,000-469,000 by 2050 [Edenhofer et al., 2011]
Data in 2017 [REN 21, 2018]
Data in 2017 [BP, 2018e]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Data in 2018 up to November [EIA, 2018e]
From 2016 to 2017 [BP, 2018e]
From 227GW in 2015, 780GW in 2030, by calculation [REN21, 2016; IRE, 2016]
Lower Range for Utility Scale PV [Lazard, 2018]
Upper Range for Rooftop PV [Lazard, 2018]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
From 20-25% of LCOE; data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 20-25% of LCOE; data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
From 72 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
The theoretical potential of low temperature thermal far exceeds human energy demand. [Edenhofer et al., 2011]
Data in 2017 [REN 21, 2018]
Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Data in 2018 up to November, for US. [EIA, 2018e]
Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 149.1-314.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 149.1-314.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 4,600 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
From upper range of 68,900-2,230,000 by 2050 [Edenhofer et al., 2011]
Data in 2017 [REN 21, 2018]
Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Data in 2017 [REN21, 2018]
Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
From 4.8GW in 2015, 44GW in 2030, by calculation [REN 21, 2016; IRE, 2016]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 0.02-0.03 USD/kWh for Parabolic Though Collector(PTC),0.03-0.04 USD/kWh for Solar Tower(ST); data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 0.02-0.03 USD/kWh for Parabolic Though Collector(PTC),0.03-0.04 USD/kWh for Solar Tower(ST); data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Avg. 0.22 USD/kWh, in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 5800 EJ/yr [REN21, 2004]
[Global CCS Institute, 2008]
Data in end 2017 [GWEC, 2018]
Data in 2017 [BP, 2018e]
From 825,779 GWh, data in 2016 [IRENA, 2017]
Data in 2018 upto November, for US. [EIA, 2018e]
From 2016 to 2017 [BP, 2018e]
Installed wind-powered generating capacity (GW) growth rate 3.1%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018m]
Data in 2016 [EIA, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [EIA, 2017c]
From 37.7-172.7 $(2016)/MWh,projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 37.7-172.7 $(2016)/MWh,projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 94.8953 TW [WWEA, 2014]
From 13.6 TW [Zhou et al., 2012]
Data in end 2017 [GWEC, 2018]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
From 789,807 GWh, data in 2016 [IRENA, 2017]
Data in 2017 [REN21, 2018]
Data in 2015, by calculation [IRE, 2017; IEA, 2015c]
Production growth rate, projected to 2020 [EIA, 2015c]
Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
From 56 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
From ~61 TW [Makridis, 2013]
[Ackermann et al., 2004.]
Data in end 2017 [GWEC, 2018]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
From 35,973 GWh, data in 2016 [IRENA, 2017]
Data in 2017 [REN21, 2018]
Data in 2015, by calculation [IRE, 2017; IEA, 2015c]
Production growth rate, projected to 2020 [EIA, 2015c]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [NREL, 2018]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
From 96-208 USD/MWh, avg. 123 USD/MWh, data in 2016[IRE, 2018b]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
From 1,800 TW [Marvel et al., 2013]
From 52 pWh/yr [Hoes et al., 2017]
[WEC, 2017d]
Data in 2017 including pumped hydro storage [IHA, 2018]
Data in 2017 [BP, 2018d]
From 918.6 MTOE Data in 2017 [BP, 2018d]
Data in 2017 [IRENA, 2018]
From 2016 to 2017 [BP, 2018d]
Installed hydroelectric generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.0%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018p]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRENA, 2018]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRENA, 2018]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
[Johansson et al., 2004]
From upper range of 1.8-33 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2012]
Data in 2017 [REN21, 2018]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
From 963 GWh, data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
1GW in 2015, 11GW in 2030, capacity growth rate 2015-2030 [Raventos et al., 2010.]
[WEC, 2017c]
[Krewitt et al., 2009]
Wave and tidal energy [REN 21, 2016]
From nearly 1TWh, data in 2017. [REN21, 2018]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
From 148 EUR/MWh [IRE, 2014b]
From 148 EUR/MWh [IRE, 2014b]
[EY, 2013]
From upper range of 30-90 pWh [WEC, 2017c]
Not at a commercial scale
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
From 3.7 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
Data in 2017 [REN21, 2018]
From 1006GWh [IEA, 2018c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
From 75 ￡/MWh, projected to 2030 [Hundleby & Blanch, 2016]
[IEA, 2017a]
The total technical potential for salinity gradient power is estimated to be around 647 gigawatts (GW) globally, (compared to a global power capacity in 2011 of 5 456 GW), which is equivalent to 5,177 terawatt-hours (TWh), or 23% of electricity consumption in 2011. [IRE, 2014a]
[EY, 2013]
Not at a commercial scale
From 45 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
From upper range of 1.2-22 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2012]
From 12.8 GW power and 25 GW direct use [REN21, 2018]
Data in 2015 [REN21, 2017.]
From 170TWh or 613 PJ, data in 2017. [REN21, 2018]
Data in 2018 [EIA, 2018e]
From 2016 to 2017 [BP, 2018e]
Geothermal generating capacity (GW) growth rate 4.4%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018q]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
From 2900 EJ/yr [EBIA]
From upper range of 160–270 EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
From 112 GW bio-power and 311 GW bio-heat [REN 21, 2017]
Data in 2016 [REN21, 2017]
From 62.5 EJ, data in 2016 [REN21, 2017, p45]
Data in 2018 upto November: All biomass including wood [EIA, 2018e]
Data in 2016 [REN 21, 2017; REN 21, 2016]
Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018r]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
Agricultural residues (10–66 EJ), forestry residues (3–35 EJ), forestry (60–230 EJ). Sum to 73 - 331 EJ, equivalent to 20,278 - 91,944 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
From 49 EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018d]
Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018f]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018d]
Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018r]
[REN 21, 2013]
[REN 21, 2013]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From upper range of 12-120 EJ, equivalent to 3,333-33,333 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
From 11EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018c]
From 1351553TJ (municiple waste) + 797485TJ (industrial waste)[IEA, 2018f]
Data in 2018 upto November, for US. [EIA, 2018e]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018c]
Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018r]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 22–1,272 EJ, equivalent to 6,111 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
From 40-110 EJ/yr, projected by 2050. Equivalent to 11,111 TWh - 30556 TWh. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcbb.12141/pdf
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]

Energy Storage Technologies

[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Acar, 2018]
[Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Argyrou et al. 2018]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
Underground CAES: 5-400 MW; aboveground CAES: 3-15 MW [ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Acar, 2018]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Argyrou et al. 2018]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Acar, 2018]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Acar, 2018]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Acar, 2018]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Argyrou et al. 2018]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Argyrou et al. 2018]
[Argyrou et al. 2018]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[Argyrou et al. 2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Gur, 2018]
[Gur, 2018]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
For all Ni based batteries installed upto 2017[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Argyrou et al.,2018]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[Zhao et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]

Energy Source	Resource (TWh)	Resource (TWh/yr)	Reserve (TWh)	Reserve (TWh/yr)	Installed Capacity (GW)	Production, Elec (TWh)	Total Primary Energy Supply (TWh)	Capacity Factor (%)	Current Rates (%)	Projected Rates (%)	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	Lifetime Costs (USD/MWh)
	availability				installed scale				growth		cost
											Capital Costs (USD/kW)		Fixed O&M Costs (USD/kW-yr)		Variable O&M Costs (USD/MWh)		Levelized Costs (USD/MWh)		Projected Costs (USD/MWh)
Totals	840,826,918		40,207,787		11,074	54,554	171,553
Coal	187,630,100 ^[1]		8,426,033 ^[2]		2,087 ^[3]	9,723 ^[4]	43,438 ^[5]	53.7 ^[6]	3.2 ^[7]	0.2 ^[8]	226 ^[9]	6,207 ^[10]	33 ^[11]	83.75 ^[12]	1.3 ^[13]	9.89 ^[14]	60 ^[15]	166 ^[16]	71 ^[17]	148 ^[18]	65 ^[19]
Hard	144,204,600 ^[20]		5,847,762 ^[21]			8,871 ^[22]	35,997 ^[23]		3.3 ^[24]								86.45 ^[25]	106.4 ^[26]	45.1 ^[27]
Soft	35,972,300 ^[28]		2,578,271 ^[29]			3,226 ^[30]	10,006 ^[31]		1.26 ^[32]								50.54 ^[33]	69.16 ^[34]
Peat	7,453,200 ^[35]		1,917,000 ^[36]			10 ^[37]	93 ^[38]		-19 ^[39]
Oil	16,670,994 ^[40]		5,111,111 ^[41]		491 ^[42]	883 ^[43]	53,753 ^[44]	14.0, 2.53 ^[45]	0.11 ^[46]	-1.1 ^[47]							62.3 ^[48]	^[49]	61.54 ^[50]	80.09 ^[51]
Conventional Crude	5,268,160 ^[52]		2,883,213 ^[53]			990 ^[54]	43,851 ^[55]		0.7 ^[56]	0.6 ^[57]							27.6 ^[58]	70.6 ^[59]	58.3 ^[60]
Tar sands	3,398,800 ^[61]		1,020,000 ^[62]			122 ^[63]	1,704 ^[64]			2.97 ^[65]							37.17 ^[66]	46.51 ^[67]
Tight oil	711,881 ^[68]		297,396 ^[69]				2,960 ^[70]			9.015 ^[71]							31.3 ^[72]	^[73]
Oil shale	7,292,153 ^[74]		586,500 ^[75]			122 ^[76]	119 ^[77]		-6.5 ^[78]	35 ^[79]
Gas	216,112,365 ^[80]		4,361,111 ^[81]		1,769 ^[82]	9,822 ^[83]	36,704 ^[84]	58.2, 12.48, 14.36 ^[85]	0.8 ^[86]	1.2 ^[87]	671 ^[88]	1,534 ^[89]	10 ^[90]	34.43 ^[91]	3 ^[92]	7 ^[93]	30 ^[94]	122 ^[95]	40 ^[96]	129 ^[97]
Conventional Gas	2,930,711 ^[98]		2,002,174 ^[99]		1,769 ^[100]	5,915 ^[101]	37,851 ^[102]		4 ^[103]	2.2 ^[104]	^[105]	^[106]					42 ^[107]	78 ^[108]	53.2 ^[109]	152.1 ^[110]	52 ^[111]
Shale gas	4,721,374 ^[112]		2,220,482 ^[113]			4,279 ^[114]	4,469 ^[115]		54.13 ^[116]	3.6 ^[117]							69 ^[118]	91 ^[119]	17.3 ^[120]
Coalbed methane	3,310,531 ^[121]		993,159 ^[122]				856 ^[123]			3.6 ^[124]							46 ^[125]
Methane hydrates	205,149,749 ^[126]		1,963,576 ^[127]				8,632 ^[128]			3.6 ^[129]									16 ^[130]	29.3 ^[131]
Nuclear					383 ^[132]	2,636 ^[133]	6,936 ^[134]	92.1 ^[135]	1.1 ^[136]	1 ^[137]	5,947 ^[138]		99 ^[139]	103.31 ^[140]	2 ^[141]		63 ^[142]	189 ^[143]	61 ^[144]	93.8 ^[145]	146 ^[146]
Uranium fission		2,516,000 ^[147]															63 ^[148]	189 ^[149]	61 ^[150]	93.8 ^[151]
Thorium fission		9,786,700 ^[152]
Solar		152,033,485 ^[153]		720,000 ^[154]	878.9	461.7 ^[155]	1,694 ^[156]	25-29 ^[157]	-2 ^[158]	4.9 ^[159]
Photovoltaic (PV)		56,940,000 ^[160]		469,000 ^[161]	402 ^[162]	442.6 ^[163]	244 ^[164]	27.1 ^[165]	35.2 ^[166]	9 ^[167]	950 ^[168]	3250 ^[169]	14 ^[170]	23 ^[171]	20 ^[172]	25 ^[173]	36 ^[174]	267 ^[175]	20 ^[176]	74 ^[177]	72 ^[178]
Low-temp thermal		^[179]			472 ^[180]	9.6 ^[181]	10 ^[182]	25.09 ^[183]	6 ^[184]								95 ^[185]	181 ^[186]	155.4 ^[187]	340.6 ^[188]
High-temp thermal		40,296,000 ^[189]		2,230,000 ^[190]	4.9 ^[191]	9.6 ^[192]	8 ^[193]	29.6 ^[194]	9.7 ^[195]	16 ^[196]	4,798 ^[197]				20 ^[198]	40 ^[199]	220 ^[200]
Wind		1,611,111 ^[201]		278,000 ^[202]	539.1 ^[203]	1,123 ^[204]	826 ^[205]	37.47 ^[206]	17.30 ^[207]	3.1 ^[208]							65 ^[209]	250 ^[210]	37.7 ^[211]	172.7 ^[212]
Onshore		831,324 ^[213]		119,500.0 ^[214]	520.3 ^[215]	790 ^[216]	790 ^[217]	32 ^[218]	16.67 ^[219]	12 ^[220]	1,150 ^[221]	1550 ^[222]	41 ^[223]	51 ^[224]	0.02 ^[225]	0.03 ^[226]	22 ^[227]	166 ^[228]	29 ^[229]	132 ^[230]	56 ^[231]
Offshore		534,360 ^[232]		36,999.0 ^[233]	18.8 ^[234]	36.0 ^[235]	36 ^[236]	38 ^[237]	43.88 ^[238]	24 ^[239]	3,025 ^[240]		20 ^[241]	131 ^[242]			92 ^[243]	241 ^[244]	66 ^[245]	164 ^[246]
High-altitude		15,768,000 ^[247]
Hydro		52,000 ^[248]		10,000 ^[249]	1,267 ^[250]	4,060 ^[251]	10,683 ^[252]	48 ^[253]	0.9 ^[254]	1 ^[255]	1,000 ^[256]	3500 ^[257]	15 ^[258]	41 ^[259]	0.003 ^[260]		35 ^[261]	69 ^[262]	36 ^[263]	69 ^[264]
Ocean		2,040,000 ^[265]		9,200 ^[266]	0.500 ^[267]	1.0 ^[268]	1 ^[269]			22.4 ^[270]
Wave		32,000 ^[271]		5,555 ^[272]		1.0 ^[273]	1 ^[274]	30-35 ^[275]			3,600 ^[276]	15,300 ^[277]	100 ^[278]	500 ^[279]			210 ^[280]	679 ^[281]	165 ^[282]	198 ^[283]
Thermal conversion		44,000 ^[284]		90,000 ^[285]		Not at a commercial scale ^[286]	Not at a commercial scale	97 ^[287]			15,000 ^[288]	30,000 ^[289]	480 ^[290]	950 ^[291]			350 ^[292]	650 ^[293]
Tidal/currents		32,412 ^[294]			0.5000 ^[295]	1.0 ^[296]	Not at a commercial scale	35-42 ^[297]			4,300 ^[298]	8,700 ^[299]	150 ^[300]	530 ^[301]			210 ^[302]	470 ^[303]	94 ^[304]
Salinity gradients		2,000 ^[305]		5,177 ^[306]	0.014 ^[307]	Not at a commercial scale ^[308]	Not at a commercial scale										Not at a commercial level
Geothermal		394,200 ^[309]		6,000 ^[310]	37.8 ^[311]	78.0 ^[312]	157 ^[313]	76.95 ^[314]	4% ^[315]	4 ^[316]	4,000 ^[317]	6,400	145 ^[318]				71 ^[319]	219 ^[320]	80 ^[321]	230 ^[322]
Biomass		805,556 ^[323]		75,000 ^[324]	433 ^[325]	504 ^[326]	17,361 ^[327]	49.93 ^[328]	8.62 ^[329]	1 ^[330]	2,668 ^[331]		53 ^[332]	160 ^[333]	0.005 ^[334]		55 ^[335]	114 ^[336]	73.2 ^[337]	114.5 ^[338]
Wood and residues		91,944 ^[339]		13,611 ^[340]		344 ^[341]		50.7 ^[342]	6.79 ^[343]	1 ^[344]	200 ^[345]	5,500 ^[346]					55 ^[347]	114 ^[348]	73.2 ^[349]	114.5 ^[350]
Waste		33,333 ^[351]		3,055 ^[352]		94.2 ^[353]	597 ^[354]	73.24 ^[355]	0.23 ^[356]	1 ^[357]							55 ^[358]	114 ^[359]	73.2 ^[360]	114.5 ^[361]
Energy crops		6,111 ^[362]								2.75 ^[363]							55 ^[364]	114 ^[365]	73.2 ^[366]	114.5 ^[367]

Storage Type	Power Rating/Rated Power (MW, range)	Rated Energy Capacity (MWh, range)	Installed Capacity (GW)	Storage Duration	Discharge/cycle duration	Cycle/Roundtrip Efficiency (%, range)	Lifetime (yrs)	Lifetime (cycles)	Mobile vs. Stationary	Capital Cost ($/kWh)	Fixed Operation + Maintenance ($/kW-yr)	Variable Operation + Maintenance ($/kWh)	Technical Maturity	Energy Density	Power Density
	power	capacity		duration		efficiency	lifetime		mobility	cost				density


Mechanical
Pumped Hydro	100-5000 ^[368]	500-8000 ^[369]	169 ^[370]	h-days ^[371]	1-24h ^[372]	70-85 ^[373]	30-60 ^[374]	20,000-50,000 ^[375]	Stationary	50-100 ^[376]	3 ^[377]	0.004 ^[378]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[379]	0.2-2 Wh/L ^[380]	0.5-1.5 W/L ^[381]
Compressed Air (CAES)	100-300 ^[382]	0-1000; 0.002-0.01 ^[383]	0.64 ^[384]	h-days ^[385]	1-24h ^[386]	41-75 ^[387]	20-40 ^[388]	>13,000 ^[389]	Stationary	2-50 ^[390]	19-25 ^[391]	0.003 ^[392]	System complete and qualified ^[393]	~12 Wh/L ^[394]	0.5-2 W/L ^[395]
Flywheel	0.1-2 ^[396]	0.0052-5 ^[397]	0.93 ^[398]	s-min ^[399]	ms-15m ^[400]	80-90 ^[401]	15-20 ^[402]	~100000 ^[403]	Stationary	1000-5000 ^[404]	20 ^[405]	0.004 ^[406]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[407]	20-80 Wh/L ^[408]	~5000 W/L ^[409]
Electrochemical
Secondary Batteries
Lead-acid	0-20 ^[410]	0.001–40 ^[411]	0.08 ^[412]	min-days ^[413]	s-h ^[414]	75-85 ^[415]	3-12 ^[416]	200-1800 ^[417]	Mobile	150-500 ^[418]	50 ^[419]	0.46 ^[420]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[421]	25-45 Wh/kg ^[422]	180-200 W/kg ^[423]
Li-Ion	0-0.1 ^[424]	0.004–10 ^[425]	1.12 ^[426]	min-days ^[427]	m-h ^[428]	90-97 ^[429]	10-15 ^[430]	1000-10000 ^[431]	Mobile	600-2500 ^[432]	8.6 ^[433]	2.6 ^[434]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[435]	150-210 Wh/kg ^[436]	500-2000 W/kg ^[437]
NaS	0.05-8 ^[438]	0.4–244.8 ^[439]	0.03 ^[440]	h-days ^[441]	s-h ^[442]	75-90 ^[443]	10~15 ^[444]	2,500-4,500 ^[445]	Mobile	300-500 ^[446]	80 ^[447]	2.2 ^[448]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[449]	15-300 Wh/L ^[450]	120-160 W/L ^[451]
Flow Battery
Redox Flow	0.01-10 ^[452]	NA		h-months ^[453]	s-10h ^[454]	65-85 ^[455]	5~10 ^[456]	10,000-13,000 ^[457]	Mobile	~582 ^[458]	10.6 ^[459]	1.1 ^[460]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[461]	10-35 Wh/kg	166W/kg
Hybrid Flow	NA	NA		NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Mobile	NA	NA	NA	Actual system proven in operational environment
Electrical
Capacitor/Supercapacitor	0-0.05 ^[462]	0.0005 ^[463]	0.08 ^[464]	s-h ^[465]	ms-60m ^[466]	60-65 ^[467]	5~8 ^[468]	50000 ^[469]	Mobile	300-2000 ^[470]	6~13 ^[471]	0-0.05 ^[472]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[473]	2~30 ^[474]	100000+ ^[475]
Super Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)	0.1-10 ^[476]	0.0008-0.015 ^[477]		min-h ^[478]	ms-8s ^[479]	95-98 ^[480]	15~20 ^[481]	>100,000 ^[482]	Stationary	1000-10000 ^[483]	18.5 ^[484]	0.001 ^[485]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[486]	~6 Wh/L ^[487]	1000-4000 W/L ^[488]
Thermochemical
Solar Fuels	0-10 ^[489]	NA		h-months ^[490]	1~24 ^[491]	~20-30 ^[492]	NA	NA	Stationary	NA	NA	NA	Technology demonstrated in relevant environment ^[493]	500-10,000	NA
Chemical
Hydrogen Fuel Cell/Electrolyzer	0-50 ^[494]	0.312 ^[495]	0.015 ^[496]	h-months ^[497]	s-24h ^[498]	34-44 ^[499]	10-30 ^[500]	20000 ^[501]	Mobile	~4.6 ^[502]	31 ^[503]	NA	System complete and qualified ^[504]	500-3000 ^[505]	500+ ^[506]
Thermal
Sensible/latent heat storage	0.1–300 ^[507]	NA		min-months ^[508]	1-24h ^[509]	~30-60 ^[510]	5~20 ^[511]	NA	Stationary	20-60 ^[512]	NA	NA	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[513]	80-500	NA

Our MIssion

Main Office

104 Midland Ave, Suite 205
Basalt CO 81621| 970.925.7376

About AGCI

You are here

Citations

AGCI Interactive Energy Table

Energy Storage Technologies

About AGCI

What We Do

Get Involved