Citations

AGCI Interactive Energy Table

Sum of hard coal, soft coal, and peat; data in 2014 [WEC, 2017a; WEC, 2013a; ]
From 1139331 million tons of coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 9275293.671 TWh, latest data at the end of 2016 [BP, 2017]
Data in 2015 [Statistia, 2018a]
From 9,538,300 GWh, equivalent to 9538.3 TWh, data in 2015 [< http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2014&country=WORLD&product=Coal">IEA, 2018c]
From 3768.6 million TOE; data in 2017 [BP, 2018a]
Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
Data in 2016 [IEA, 2017b]
Installed coal-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate 0.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018c]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 102.6-180.4 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 102.6-180.4 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 65 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
From 17,713,376 million tons of hard coal resource; data in 2014. [WEC, 2017a]
From 816214 million tons of hard coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 6644798.174 TWh; latest data at the end of 2016 [BP, 2017]
From Sub-bituminous coal (649513kt), Lignite (539433kt), total to 1188946 kt (9679.21 TWh), electricity efficiency 0.33, equivalent to 3226 TWh in 2014 [EIA, 2018c]
From 14,519,515TJ (Anthracite) + 33,733,135TJ (Metallurgical Coal) + 81,334,804TJ (Bituminous) = 129587454TJ, data in 2014 [EIA, 2018q]
Data in 2016, by calculation; coking coal_steaming coal [IEA, 2017b]
From 65-80 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
From 65-80 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
Projected to 2040 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
Projected to 2040 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
From 4,418,658 million tons of soft coal resource; data in 2014. [WEC, 2017a]
From 323117 million tons of soft coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 2630495.497 TWh, latest data at the end of 2016 [BP, 2017]
Subbituminous(25,082,899TJ)+Lignite(10,937,540TJ) = 36,020,439 TJ, equivalent to 10,006 TWh, data in 2014 [EIA, 2018c]
From 25,082,899TJ(subbituminous) + 10,937,540TJ (lignite) = 36020439TJ, data in 2014. [EIA, 2018q]
Data in 2016, by calculation; lignite [IEA, 2017b]
From 38-52 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
From 38-52 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
From upper end of total peat in situ range of 6,000-13,800 billion m3. Conversion is referred to (Virtanen, 2012) that 23.7 billion m3 of energy peat reserve in situ contents energy 12 800 TWh. [WEC, 2013a; Kimmo Virtanen, 2012]
From 0.3 trillion tons, conversion 20-23 MJ/kg peat. [Fuchsman, 2012; FAO, 1988]
From 3535kt (28.78 TWh), electricity efficiency 0.33, equivalent to 9.6 TWh, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018c]
From 15.2Mt, data in 2014. [IEA, 2014]
Data in 2015, by calculation [IEA, 2017b]
Sum of conventiol crude, tar sands, tight oil, and oil shale
From 18.4 ZJ of oil (world proven)[Thakur, 2016]
Data in 2013 [IEA, 2015b]
Data in 2014 [IEA, 2016]
From 4387.1 MTOE, data in 2017 [BP, 2018b]
Data in 2017, for US; 13.0% for Steam Turbine, 2.0% for Combustion Turbine [EIA, 2018p]
Data in 2016, by calculation [IEA, 2017c]
Installed liquids-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate -1.1%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018d]
From 18.27 (2015$/MMBtu), data in 2015 [EIA, 2016b]
From 18.27 (2015$/MMBtu), data in 2015 [EIA, 2016b]
From 18.05-23.49$(2015)/MMBtu, data in 2015. [IEA, 2018o]
From 18.05-23.49$(2015)/MMBtu, data in 2015. [IEA, 2018o]
From 3.1 trillion barrels (including initial, proven and probable reserves), equivalent to 5,268,160 TWh. [IEA, 2013a]
From 1706.7 thousand million barrels of conventiol crude (proved reserves); data in end of 2016. [BP, 2017]
Latest data in 2015 [IEA, 2018b]
From 95.24-96.83 mb/d, data in 2016 [IEA, 2018e]
Data in 2016 [BP, 2017]
Crude oil /a production growth rate 0.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018e]
From $45-115/bbl, in 2014-2015 [EIA, 2015b]
From $45-115/bbl, in 2014-2015 [EIA, 2015b]
From $95/bbl (nomil $), projected to 2030 [EIA, 2007]
It is estimated that over 2 trillion barrels (equilavlent to ~3,398,800 TWh) of oil reserves exist in the form of tar sands, although not all of these resources are economically or technically recoverable; data in 2015. [Robert Strauss Center, UT Austin, 2015]
From ~600 billion barrels [Speight, 2016]
From oil shale and oil sands 14,973 kt, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018c]
From 635000 barrels per day (Venezuela+Madagascar+US), in 2015 [Tarsanworld, 2017]
Production growth rate. From Over the 15-year period CAPP sees crude oil production rising by 1.1 million b/d from 3.852 million b/d in 2015 (actual) to 4.928 million b/d in 2030. Most of the growth will come from oilsands which will rise from 2.365 million b/d to 3.668 million b/d, an increase of about one-third; 2015-2030 [Statista, 2018b]
From $60.52-75.73/bbl [Giacchetta, 2015b]
From $60.52-75.73/bbl [Giacchetta, 2015b]
From 418.9 billion barrels of tight oil (unproved technically recoverable), data updated in 2015 [EIA, 2015a]
From 175 billion barrels of commercial recoverable tight oil, data in 2013 [OGJ, 2013]
From 4.98 million barrels per day (b/d), data in 2015[EIA, 2017d]
Production growth rate, 2.0 million b/d in 2012, 7.3 million b/d in 2030, by calculation. [EIA, 2017b]
From $51/bbl [WorldOil, 2016]
From $51/bbl [WorldOil, 2016]
From 4,291 billion barrels [WEC, 2017b]
From 345 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil resources [EIA, 2013b]
From oil shale and oil sands 14,973 kt, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018c]
From global production of kerogen oil lies at around 20 000 barrels per day (b/d) [ IEA, 2013]
Data in 2015, by calculation [IEA, 2017]
2023-2030 [EIA, 2009]
Sum of conventional gas and unconventional gas
From 15.7ZJ of gas (world proved), equivalent to 4,361,111 TWh[Thakur, 2016]
Data in 2016 [EIA, 2018a]
Sum of conventional gas and shale gas
From 3164.6 MTOE, data in 2017. [BP, 2018c]
Data in 2017, for US; 54.8% for Combined Cycle, 9.4% for Combustion Turbine, 11.3% for Steam Turbine [EIA, 2018p]
Data in 2016 [IEA, 2017d]
Installed tural-gas-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018f]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 10,000 tcf. [Thakur & Rajput, 2011]
From 6588.8 trilllion cubic feet of conventiol gas (proved reserves), data in end of 2016. [BP, 2017]
Data in 2016 [EIA, 2018a]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018c]
From 138469424TJ, data in 2015 [IEA, 2018b]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018a]
Net tural-gas-fired electricity generation growth rate 2.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018g]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 52 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
From 16,110 tcf (456 tcm) [WEC, 2013b]
From 7,576.6 trillion cubic feet of wet shale gas (unproved technically recoverable) [EIA, 2015]
From 40 bcf/d, data in 2016 [Berman, 2016]
From the United States(37bcf/d), Canada(4.1bcf/d), China(0.5bcf/d), and Argentina 18.93 TWh, data in 2015 [EIA, 2017a] [EIA, 2017e]
Data in 2015, by calculation [EIA, 2017a]
Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018h]
[Gao & You, 2015]
[Gao & You, 2015]
From $5.06/MBtu [BP, 2015]
From upper limit of 275-11,296 trillion cubic feet [Thakur, 2016 ]
From ~30% of GIP (gas in place) [Thakur, 2016; FMI, 2018]
From global CBM production was 2,920.3 Bcf in 2013 and is expected to reach 4,667.4 Bcf by 2020, growing at a CAGR of 7% from 2014 to 2020 [Prnewswire]
Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018g]
[Sarhosis et al., 2016]
From 20,000 trillion cubic meters, or ~ 700,000 Tcf [NETL, 2011]
From 6,700 Tcf [US DOE, 2011]
From 834 bcm.[WOR, 2014]
Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018g]
From $4.70 to $8.60 per MBtu, projected to 2025 [Lester, 2016]
From $4.70 to $8.60 per MBtu, projected to 2025 [Lester, 2016]
Data in 2015 [IAEA, 2016]
Data in 2016 [WNA, 2018]
From 661,353 ktoe, data in 2014 [IEA, 2014]
Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
From consumption growth rate 1.3%, data in 2016 [BP, 2017]
Installed nuclear generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018i]
Data in 2016 [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 146 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
From 5,718,400 tonnes, data in 2015. A generic 1.0 GWe Light Water Reactor (LWR) producing 6.6 TWh per year requires about 150 tons of natural uranium. 5,718,400/150*6.6 = 2,516,000 TWh/yr [WNA, 2016a.]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 6,355,000 tonnes. [WNA, 2017a.] It is estimated that one ton of thorium can produce as much energy as 35 tons of uranium in a liquid fluoride thorium reactor. Thus, equivalent to 9,786,700 TWh/yr. [Ting, Jason. Thorium Energy Viability. 2015.]
[Ramachandra & Shruthi, 2007]
From upper range of 118-2592 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2012]
Sum of PV, Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal [REN 21, 2017]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
From (303+4.8+456)* Cap Factor av .22 * 8760/1000 = 1495TWh Data in 2016 [REN21 2017]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2015, by calculation [EIA, 2018b]
Installed solar generating capacity (GW) growth rate 4.9%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018j]
From 6,500 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
372,000-469,000 by 2050 [Edenhofer et al., 2011]
Data in 2016 [REN 21, 2017]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
From 227GW in 2015, 780GW in 2030, by calculation [REN21, 2016; IRE, 2016]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
[EIA, 2016a]
[EIA, 2016a]
From 20-25% of LCOE; data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 20-25% of LCOE; data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 48.1-115.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 48.1-115.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 72 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
The theoretical potential of low temperature thermal far exceeds human energy demand. [Edenhofer et al., 2011]
Data in 2016 [REN 21, 2017]
Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 149.1-314.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 149.1-314.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 4,600 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
From upper range of 68,900-2,230,000 by 2050 [Edenhofer et al., 2011]
Data in 2016 [REN 21, 2017]
Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
From 4.8GW in 2015, 44GW in 2030, by calculation [REN 21, 2016; IRE, 2016]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 0.02-0.03 USD/kWh for Parabolic Though Collector(PTC),0.03-0.04 USD/kWh for Solar Tower(ST); data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 0.02-0.03 USD/kWh for Parabolic Though Collector(PTC),0.03-0.04 USD/kWh for Solar Tower(ST); data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Avg. 0.22 USD/kWh, in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 5800 EJ/yr [REN21, 2004]
[Global CCS Institute, 2008]
Data in end 2016 [GWEC, 2017]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
From 825,779 GWh, data in 2016 [IRENA, 2017]
Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
Installed wind-powered generating capacity (GW) growth rate 3.1%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018k]
Data in 2016 [EIA, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [EIA, 2017c]
From 37.7-172.7 $(2016)/MWh,projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 37.7-172.7 $(2016)/MWh,projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 94.8953 TW [WWEA, 2014]
From 13.6 TW [Zhou et al., 2012]
Data in end 2016 [GWEC, 2017]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
From 789,807 GWh, data in 2016 [IRENA, 2017]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2015, by calculation [IRE, 2017; IEA, 2015c]
Production growth rate, projected to 2020 [EIA, 2015c]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 24-141 USD/MWh, avg. 56 USD/MWh, data in 2016 [IRE, 2018b]
From 24-141 USD/MWh, avg. 56 USD/MWh, data in 2016 [IRE, 2018b]
From 37.7-69.4 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 37.7-69.4 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 56 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
From ~61 TW [Makridis, 2013]
[Ackermann et al., 2004.]
Data in end 2016 [GWEC, 2017]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
From 35,973 GWh, data in 2016 [IRENA, 2017]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2015, by calculation [IRE, 2017; IEA, 2015c]
Production growth rate, projected to 2020 [EIA, 2015c]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 96-208 USD/MWh, avg. 123 USD/MWh, data in 2016[IRE, 2018b]
From 96-208 USD/MWh, avg. 123 USD/MWh, data in 2016[IRE, 2018b]
From 111.8-172.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040[EIA, 2017c]
From 111.8-172.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040[EIA, 2017c]
From 1,800 TW [Marvel et al., 2013]
From 52 pWh/yr [Hoes et al., 2017]
[WEC, 2017d]
Data in 2016 [IRE, 2017]
Data in 2016 [IRENA, 2017]
From 3995,575 GWh, data in 2016 [IRENA, 2017]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2016, consumption growth rate [BP, 2017]
Installed hydroelectric generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.0%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018l]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 18~246 USD/MWh, avg. 51 USD/MWh, data in 2016 [IRE, 2018b]
From 18~246 USD/MWh, avg. 51 USD/MWh, data in 2016 [IRE, 2018b]
From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
[Johansson et al., 2004]
From upper range of 1.8-33 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2012]
Data in 2016 [IRE, 2017]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
From 963 GWh, data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
1GW in 2015, 11GW in 2030, capacity growth rate 2015-2030 [Raventos et al., 2010.]
[WEC, 2017c]
[Krewitt et al., 2009]
Wave and tidal energy [REN 21, 2016]
From nearly 1TWh, data in 2017. [REN21, 2018]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
From 148 EUR/MWh [IRE, 2014b]
From 148 EUR/MWh [IRE, 2014b]
[EY, 2013]
From upper range of 30-90 pWh [WEC, 2017c]
Not at a commercial scale
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
From 3.7 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
From 500 kW [Zhou et al., 2014]
From 1006GWh [IEA, 2018b]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
From 75 ￡/MWh, projected to 2030 [Hundleby & Blanch, 2016]
[IEA, 2017a]
The total technical potential for salinity gradient power is estimated to be around 647 gigawatts (GW) globally, (compared to a global power capacity in 2011 of 5 456 GW), which is equivalent to 5,177 terawatt-hours (TWh), or 23% of electricity consumption in 2011. [IRE, 2014a]
[EY, 2013]
Not at a commercial scale
From 45 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
From upper range of 1.2-22 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2012]
From 13.5 GW power and 23 GW direct use [REN21, 2017]
Data in 2015 [REN21, 2017.]
From 170TWh or 613 PJ, data in 2017. [REN21, 2018]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
Geothermal generating capacity (GW) growth rate 4.4%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018m]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 35.3-78.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 35.3-78.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 2900 EJ/yr [EBIA]
From upper range of 160–270 EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
From 112 GW bio-power and 311 GW bio-heat [REN 21, 2017]
Data in 2016 [REN21, 2017.]
From 62.5 EJ, data in 2016 [REN21, 2017, p45]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2016 [REN 21, 2017; REN 21, 2016]
Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018n]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
Agricultural residues (10–66 EJ), forestry residues (3–35 EJ), forestry (60–230 EJ). Sum to 73 - 331 EJ, equivalent to 20,278 - 91,944 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
From 49 EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018d]
Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018d]
Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018n]
[REN 21, 2013]
[REN 21, 2013]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From upper range of 12-120 EJ, equivalent to 3,333-33,333 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
From 11EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018]
From 1351553TJ (municiple waste) + 797485TJ (industrial waste)[IEA, 2018a]
Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018a]
Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018n]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 22–1,272 EJ, equivalent to 6,111 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
From 40-110 EJ/yr, projected by 2050. Equivalent to 11,111 TWh - 30556 TWh. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcbb.12141/pdf
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]

Energy Storage Technologies

[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
Underground CAES: 5-400 MW; aboveground CAES: 3-15 MW [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]

Energy Source	Resource (TWh)	Resource (TWh/yr)	Reserve (TWh)	Reserve (TWh/yr)	Installed Capacity (GW)	Production (TWh)	Total Primary Energy Supply (TWh)	Capacity Factor (%)	Current Rates (%)	Projected Rates (%)	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	Lifetime Costs (USD/MWh)
	availability				installed scale				growth		cost
											Capital Costs (USD/kW)		Fixed O&M Costs (USD/kW-yr)		Variable O&M Costs (USD/MWh)		Levelized Costs (USD/MWh)		Projected Costs (USD/MWh)
Totals	840,826,918		41,852,286		10,062	53,077	163,181
Coal	187,630,100 ^[1]		9,275,294 ^[2]		1,646 ^[3]	9,538 ^[4]	43,829 ^[5]	53.3 ^[6]	-5.93 ^[7]	0.2 ^[8]	226 ^[9]	4,620 ^[10]	22 ^[11]	70 ^[12]	5 ^[13]	7.1 ^[14]	60 ^[15]	143 ^[16]	102.6 ^[17]	180.4 ^[18]	65 ^[19]
Hard	144,204,600 ^[20]		6,644,798 ^[21]			8,871 ^[22]	35,997 ^[23]		-6.28 ^[24]								86.45 ^[25]	106.4 ^[26]	45.1 ^[27]	^[28]
Soft	35,972,300 ^[29]		2,630,495 ^[30]			3,226 ^[31]	10,006 ^[32]		-3.43 ^[33]								50.54 ^[34]	69.16 ^[35]
Peat	7,453,200 ^[36]		1,917,000 ^[37]			10 ^[38]	93 ^[39]		-33.55 ^[40]
Oil	16,670,994 ^[41]		5,111,111 ^[42]		452 ^[43]	1,023 ^[44]	51,022 ^[45]	13.0, 2.0 ^[46]	0.11 ^[47]	-1.1 ^[48]							62.3 ^[49]	^[50]	61.54 ^[51]	80.09 ^[52]
Conventional Crude	5,268,160 ^[53]		2,900,377 ^[54]			990 ^[55]	43,851 ^[56]		0.5 ^[57]	0.6 ^[58]							27.6 ^[59]	70.6 ^[60]	58.3 ^[61]
Tar sands	3,398,800 ^[62]		1,020,000 ^[63]			122 ^[64]	1,704 ^[65]			2.97 ^[66]							37.17 ^[67]	46.51 ^[68]
Tight oil	711,881 ^[69]		297,396 ^[70]				2,960 ^[71]			9.015 ^[72]							31.3 ^[73]	^[74]
Oil shale	7,292,153 ^[75]		586,500 ^[76]			^[77]	119 ^[78]		-6.5 ^[79]	35 ^[80]
Gas	216,112,365 ^[81]		4,361,111 ^[82]		1,682 ^[83]	9,822 ^[84]	36,804 ^[85]	54.8, 9.4,11.3 ^[86]	0.8 ^[87]	1.2 ^[88]	678 ^[89]	1,342 ^[90]	6.8 ^[91]	17.5 ^[92]	2 ^[93]	10.7 ^[94]	42 ^[95]	210 ^[96]	53.2 ^[97]	152.1 ^[98]
Conventional Gas	2,930,711 ^[99]		1,930,987 ^[100]		1,682 ^[101]	5,543 ^[102]	37,851 ^[103]		2.202 ^[104]	2.2 ^[105]	678 ^[106]	1,342 ^[107]					42 ^[108]	78 ^[109]	53.2 ^[110]	152.1 ^[111]	52 ^[112]
Shale gas	4,721,374 ^[113]		2,220,482 ^[114]			4,279 ^[115]	4,469 ^[116]		54.13 ^[117]	3.6 ^[118]							69 ^[119]	91 ^[120]	17.3 ^[121]
Coalbed methane	3,310,531 ^[122]		993,159 ^[123]				856 ^[124]			3.6 ^[125]							46 ^[126]
Methane hydrates	205,149,749 ^[127]		1,963,576 ^[128]				8,632 ^[129]			3.6 ^[130]									16 ^[131]	29.3 ^[132]
Nuclear					383 ^[133]	2,476 ^[134]	7,691 ^[135]	92.2 ^[136]	1.3 ^[137]	1 ^[138]	5,945 ^[139]		100.28 ^[140]		2.3 ^[141]		112 ^[142]	183 ^[143]	87.1 ^[144]	93.8 ^[145]	146 ^[146]
Uranium fission		2,516,000 ^[147]					NA										112 ^[148]	183 ^[149]	87.1 ^[150]	93.8 ^[151]
Thorium fission		9,786,700 ^[152]					NA
Solar		1,500,000,000 ^[153]		720,000 ^[154]	763.8 ^[155]	253.6 ^[156]	1,495 ^[157]	18-34 ^[158]	20.7 ^[159]	4.9 ^[160]	Vary from technology		Vary from technology		Vary from technology		Vary from technology		Vary from technology
Photovoltaic (PV)		56,940,000 ^[161]		469,000 ^[162]	303 ^[163]	243.6 ^[164]	244 ^[165]	18 ^[166]	28 ^[167]	9 ^[168]	1,388 ^[169]		21.8 ^[170]	23.9 ^[171]	20 ^[172]	25 ^[173]	43 ^[174]	319 ^[175]	48.1 ^[176]	115.1 ^[177]	72 ^[178]
Low-temp thermal		^[179]			456 ^[180]	9.6 ^[181]	10 ^[182]	21.8 ^[183]	6 ^[184]								98 ^[185]	181 ^[186]	155.4 ^[187]	340.6 ^[188]
High-temp thermal		40,296,000 ^[189]		2,230,000 ^[190]	4.8 ^[191]	^[192]	8 ^[193]	34 ^[194]	9.7 ^[195]	16 ^[196]	5,564 ^[197]				20 ^[198]	40 ^[199]	220 ^[200]
Wind		1,611,111 ^[201]		278,000 ^[202]	486.7 ^[203]	826 ^[204]	826 ^[205]	36.7 ^[206]	17 ^[207]	3.1 ^[208]	Vary from technology		Vary from technology		Vary from technology		65 ^[209]	250 ^[210]	37.7 ^[211]	172.7 ^[212]
Onshore		831,324 ^[213]		119,500.0 ^[214]	472.3 ^[215]	790 ^[216]	790 ^[217]	30 ^[218]	16.67 ^[219]	12 ^[220]	1,477 ^[221]		41 ^[222]	76 ^[223]	0.02 ^[224]	0.03 ^[225]	24 ^[226]	141 ^[227]	37.7 ^[228]	69.4 ^[229]	56 ^[230]
Offshore		534,360 ^[231]		36,999.0 ^[232]	14.4 ^[233]	36.0 ^[234]	36 ^[235]	39 ^[236]	43.88 ^[237]	24 ^[238]	4,239 ^[239]		20 ^[240]	60 ^[241]			96 ^[242]	208 ^[243]	111.8 ^[244]	172.7 ^[245]
High-altitude		15,768,000 ^[246]						NA
Hydro		52,000 ^[247]		10,000 ^[248]	1,246 ^[249]	3,996 ^[250]	3,996 ^[251]	48 ^[252]	2.8 ^[253]	1 ^[254]	1,535 ^[255]		15 ^[256]	60 ^[257]	0.003 ^[258]		18 ^[259]	246 ^[260]	55.3 ^[261]	69.7 ^[262]
Ocean		2,040,000 ^[263]		9,200 ^[264]	0.536 ^[265]	1.0 ^[266]	1 ^[267]			22.4 ^[268]	Vary from technology		Vary from technology		Vary from technology		Vary from technology
Wave		32,000 ^[269]		5,555 ^[270]		1.0 ^[271]	1 ^[272]	30-35 ^[273]		NA	3,600 ^[274]	15,300 ^[275]	100 ^[276]	500 ^[277]			210 ^[278]	679 ^[279]	165 ^[280]	198 ^[281]
Thermal conversion		44,000 ^[282]		90,000 ^[283]		Not at a commercial scale ^[284]	Not at a commercial scale	97 ^[285]		NA	15,000 ^[286]	30,000 ^[287]	480 ^[288]	950 ^[289]			350 ^[290]	650 ^[291]
Tidal/currents		32,412 ^[292]			0.0005 ^[293]	1.0 ^[294]	Not at a commercial scale	35-42 ^[295]		NA	4,300 ^[296]	8,700 ^[297]	150 ^[298]	530 ^[299]			210 ^[300]	470 ^[301]	94 ^[302]
Salinity gradients		2,000 ^[303]		5,177 ^[304]	0.014 ^[305]	Not at a commercial scale ^[306]	Not at a commercial scale			NA							Not at a commercial level
Geothermal		394,200 ^[307]		6,000 ^[308]	36.5 ^[309]	78.0 ^[310]	157 ^[311]	79 ^[312]	2.4 ^[313]	4 ^[314]	2,959 ^[315]		110 ^[316]				77 ^[317]	117 ^[318]	36.6 ^[319]	85 ^[320]
Biomass		805,556 ^[321]		75,000 ^[322]	433 ^[323]	504 ^[324]	17,361 ^[325]	86 ^[326]	8.62 ^[327]	1 ^[328]	2,668 ^[329]		53 ^[330]	160 ^[331]	0.005 ^[332]		55 ^[333]	114 ^[334]	73.2 ^[335]	114.5 ^[336]
Wood and residues		91,944 ^[337]		13,611 ^[338]		344 ^[339]	NA	50.7 ^[340]	6.79 ^[341]	1 ^[342]	200 ^[343]	5,500 ^[344]					55 ^[345]	114 ^[346]	73.2 ^[347]	114.5 ^[348]
Waste		33,333 ^[349]		3,055 ^[350]		94.2 ^[351]	597 ^[352]	70.9 ^[353]	0.23 ^[354]	1 ^[355]							55 ^[356]	114 ^[357]	73.2 ^[358]	114.5 ^[359]
Energy crops		6,111 ^[360]								^[361]							55 ^[362]	114 ^[363]	73.2 ^[364]	114.5 ^[365]

Storage Type	Power Rating/Rated Power (MW, range)	Rated Energy Capacity (MWh, range)	Storage Duration	Discharge/cycle duration	Cycle/Roundtrip Efficiency (%, range)	Lifetime (yrs)	Lifetime (cycles)	Mobile vs. Stationary	Capital Cost ($/kWh)	Fixed Operation + Maintenance ($/kW-yr)	Variable Operation + Maintenance ($/kWh)	Technical Maturity	Energy Density (Wh/L)	Power Density (W/L)
	power	capacity	duration		efficiency	lifetime		mobility	cost				density


Mechanical
Pumped Hydro	10~5000 ^[366]	500-8000 ^[367]	h-months ^[368]	1-24h ^[369]	70-82 ^[370]	50-60 ^[371]	20,000-50,000 ^[372]	Stationary	5-100 ^[373]	3 ^[374]	0.004 ^[375]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[376]	0.5-1.5 ^[377]	0.5-1.5 ^[378]
Compressed Air (CAES)	3-400 ^[379]	0-1000; 0.002-0.01 ^[380]	h-months ^[381]	1-24h ^[382]	70-90 ^[383]	20-40 ^[384]	>13,000 ^[385]	Stationary	2-250 ^[386]	19-25 ^[387]	0.003 ^[388]	system complete and qualifie ^[389]	3~6 ^[390]	0.5-2 ^[391]
Flywheel	0-0.25 ^[392]	0.0052-5 ^[393]	s-min ^[394]	ms-15m ^[395]	93-95 ^[396]	15-20 ^[397]	>13,000 ^[398]	Staionary	1000-14000 ^[399]	20 ^[400]	0.004 ^[401]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[402]	20-80 ^[403]	1000-2000 ^[404]
Electrochemical
Secondary Batteries
Lead-acid	0-20 ^[405]	0.001–40 ^[406]	min-days ^[407]	s-h ^[408]	70-90 ^[409]	5~15 ^[410]	2,000-4,500 ^[411]	Mobile	200-400 ^[412]	50 ^[413]	0.46 ^[414]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[415]	50-90 ^[416]	10-400 ^[417]
Li-Ion	0-0.01 ^[418]	0.004–10 ^[419]	min-days ^[420]	m-h ^[421]	85-95 ^[422]	5~15 ^[423]	1,500-4,500 ^[424]	Mobile	600-3800 ^[425]	8.6 ^[426]	2.6 ^[427]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[428]	200-500 ^[429]	1500-10000 ^[430]
NaS	0.05-8 ^[431]	0.4–244.8 ^[432]	s-h ^[433]	s-h ^[434]	75-90 ^[435]	10~15 ^[436]	2,500-4,500 ^[437]	Mobile	300-500 ^[438]	80 ^[439]	2.2 ^[440]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[441]	150-300 ^[442]	140-180 ^[443]
Flow Battery
Redox Flow	0.03-3 ^[444]	NA	h-months ^[445]	s-10h ^[446]	65-85 ^[447]	5~10 ^[448]	10,000-13,000 ^[449]	Mobile	~582 ^[450]	10.6 ^[451]	1.1 ^[452]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[453]	10-35 Wh/kg	166W/kg
Hybrid Flow	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Mobile	NA	NA	NA	Actual system proven in operational environment
Electrical
Capacitor/Supercapacitor	0-0.05 ^[454]	0.0005 ^[455]	s-h ^[456]	ms-60m ^[457]	60-65 ^[458]	5~8 ^[459]	50000 ^[460]	Mobile	300-2000 ^[461]	6~13 ^[462]	0-0.05 ^[463]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[464]	2~30 ^[465]	100000+ ^[466]
Super Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)	0.1-10 ^[467]	0.0008-0.015 ^[468]	min-h ^[469]	ms-8s ^[470]	95-98 ^[471]	15~20 ^[472]	>100,000 ^[473]	Stationary	500-72000 ^[474]	18.5 ^[475]	0.001 ^[476]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[477]	0.2-2.5 ^[478]	1000-4000 ^[479]
Thermochemical
Solar Fuels	0-10 ^[480]	NA	h-months ^[481]	1~24 ^[482]	~20-30 ^[483]	NA	NA	Stationary	NA	NA	NA	Technology demonstrated in relevant environment ^[484]	500-10,000	NA
Chemical
Hydrogen Fuel Cell/Electrolyzer	0.3-50 ^[485]	0.312 ^[486]	h-months ^[487]	s-24h ^[488]	33-42 ^[489]	15-20 ^[490]	20000 ^[491]	Mobile	~4.6 ^[492]	31 ^[493]	NA	System complete and qualified ^[494]	500-3000 ^[495]	500+ ^[496]
Thermal
Sensible/latent heat storage	0.1–300 ^[497]	NA	min-months ^[498]	1-24h ^[499]	~30-60 ^[500]	5~20 ^[501]	NA	Stationary	20-60 ^[502]	NA	NA	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[503]	80-500	NA

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