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AGCI Interactive Energy Table
- Data from the end of 2019, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2021]
- From 1069636 million tons of coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 8707906.68 TWh, latest data from the end of 2019 [BP, 2020]
- Data in 2019 [Carbon Brief, 2020]
- Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019b]
- From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Installed coal-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate 0.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018g]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2018, vary based on technology [EIA, 2018s]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2019 [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- [Lazard, 2019]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- From 65 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
- Data from the end of 2019, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2021]
- From 749167 million tons of hard coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 6098968.55 TWh; latest data from the end of 2019 [BP, 2020]
- From Sub-bituminous coal (649513kt), Lignite (539433kt), total to 1188946 kt (9679.21 TWh), electricity efficiency 0.33, equivalent to 3226 TWh in 2014 [EIA, 2018b]
- From 14,519,515TJ (Anthracite) + 33,733,135TJ (Metallurgical Coal) + 81,334,804TJ (Bituminous) = 129587454TJ, data in 2014 [EIA, 2018d]
- Data in 2017, by calculation; coking coal and steam coal [IEA, 2018g]
- From 65-80 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
- From 65-80 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
- Projected to 2040 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
- Projected to 2040 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
- Data from the end of 2019, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2021]
- From 320469 million tons of soft coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 2608938.13 TWh, latest data from the end of 2019 [BP, 2020]
- Subbituminous(25,082,899TJ)+Lignite(10,937,540TJ) = 36,020,439 TJ, equivalent to 10,006 TWh, data in 2014 [EIA, 2018c]
- From 25,082,899TJ(subbituminous) + 10,937,540TJ (lignite) = 36020439TJ, data in 2014. [EIA, 2018d]
- Data in 2017, by calculation; lignite [IEA, 2018g]
- From 38-52 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
- From 38-52 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
- From upper end of total peat in situ range of 6,000-13,800 billion m3. Conversion is referred to (Virtanen, 2012) that 23.7 billion m3 of energy peat reserve in situ contents energy 12 800 TWh. [WEC, 2013a; Kimmo Virtanen, 2012]
- From 0.3 trillion tons, conversion 20-23 MJ/kg peat. [Fuchsman, 2012; FAO, 1988]
- From 3535kt (28.78 TWh), electricity efficiency 0.33, equivalent to 9.6 TWh, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018b]
- From 15.2Mt, data in 2014. [IEA, 2014]
- Data in 2016, by calculation [IEA, 2018g]
- Data from the end of 2019, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2021]
- Data from the end of 2019, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2020]
- Data for 2019 [IEA, 2020]
- Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Data in 2019 for oil run steam turbine generators [EIA, 2019b]
- From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Installed liquids-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate -1.1%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018h]
- From 18.27 (2015$/MMBtu), data in 2015 [EIA, 2016b]
- From 18.27 (2015$/MMBtu), data in 2015 [EIA, 2016b]
- From 18.05-23.49$(2015)/MMBtu, data in 2015. [IEA, 2018o]
- From 18.05-23.49$(2015)/MMBtu, data in 2015. [IEA, 2018o]
- Data from the end of 2019, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2021]
- Data from 2019 [BP, 2020]
- Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- From 95.24-96.83 mb/d, data in 2016 [IEA, 2018e]
- From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Crude oil /a production growth rate 0.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018i]
- From $45-115/bbl, in 2014-2015 [EIA, 2015b]
- From $45-115/bbl, in 2014-2015 [EIA, 2015b]
- From $95/bbl (nomil $), projected to 2030 [EIA, 2007]
- Data from the end of 2019, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2021]
- From ~600 billion barrels [Speight, 2016]
- From oil shale and oil sands 14,973 kt, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018b]
- From 635000 barrels per day (Venezuela+Madagascar+US), in 2015 [Tarsanworld, 2017]
- Production growth rate. From Over the 15-year period CAPP sees crude oil production rising by 1.1 million b/d from 3.852 million b/d in 2015 (actual) to 4.928 million b/d in 2030. Most of the growth will come from oilsands which will rise from 2.365 million b/d to 3.668 million b/d, an increase of about one-third; 2015-2030 [Statista, 2018b]
- From $60.52-75.73/bbl [Giacchetta, 2015b]
- From $60.52-75.73/bbl [Giacchetta, 2015b]
- Data from the end of 2019, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2021]
- From 418.9 billion barrels of tight oil (unproved technically recoverable) [EIA, 2015]
- From 4.98 million barrels per day (b/d), data in 2015[EIA, 2017d]
- Production growth rate, 2.0 million b/d in 2012, 7.3 million b/d in 2030, by calculation. [EIA, 2017b]
- From $51/bbl [WorldOil, 2016]
- From $51/bbl [WorldOil, 2016]
- From 4,291 billion barrels [WEC, 2017b]
- From 345 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil resources [EIA, 2013b]
- From oil shale and oil sands 14,973 kt, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018b]
- From global production of kerogen oil lies at around 20 000 barrels per day (b/d) [ IEA, 2013]
- Data in 2018, by calculation [IEA, 2019]
- 2023-2030 [EIA, 2009]
- Sum of conventional gas and unconventional gas
- Data for 2019 [IEA, 2020]
- Sum of conventional gas and shale gas
- Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Data in 2019 for combined cycle NG plants [EIA, 2019b]
- From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Installed natural-gas-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018j]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2018, vary based on technology[NREL, 2018]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
- Data in 2019 [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- Data from the end of 2019, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2021]
- From 7019 trilllion cubic feet of conventional gas (proved reserves), data in end of 2019. [BP, 2020]
- Data for 2019 [IEA, 2020]
- Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- [IEA, 2019]
- From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Net natural-gas-fired electricity generation growth rate 2.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018k]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 52 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
- Data from the end of 2019, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2021]
- From 7,576.6 trillion cubic feet of wet shale gas (unproved technically recoverable) [EIA, 2015a]
- From 40 bcf/d, data in 2016 [Berman, 2016]
- From the United States(37bcf/d), Canada(4.1bcf/d), China(0.5bcf/d), and Argentina 18.93 TWh, data in 2015 [EIA, 2017a] [EIA, 2017e]
- Data in 2015, by calculation [EIA, 2017a]
- Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018l]
- [Gao & You, 2015]
- [Gao & You, 2015]
- From $5.06/MBtu [BP, 2015]
- Data from the end of 2019, IEA World Energy Model [IEA, 2021]
- From ~60% of GIP (gas in place) 275 TCF [Thakur, 2016]
- From global CBM production was 2,920.3 Bcf in 2013 and is expected to reach 4,667.4 Bcf by 2020, growing at a CAGR of 7% from 2014 to 2020 [Prnewswire]
- Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018l]
- [Sarhosis et al., 2016]
- From 20,000 trillion cubic meters, or ~ 700,000 Tcf [NETL, 2011]
- From 6,700 Tcf [US DOE, 2011]
- From 834 bcm.[WOR, 2014]
- Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018l]
- From $4.70 to $8.60 per MBtu, projected to 2025 [Lester, 2016]
- From $4.70 to $8.60 per MBtu, projected to 2025 [Lester, 2016]
- Data for 2019 [IEA, 2020]
- Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019a]
- From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Installed nuclear generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018m]
- Data in 2019 [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- In 2016 dollars [NREL, 2018/a>]
- Data in 2019 for advanced nuclear [EIA, 2020]
- In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
- Data in 2019 [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- From 146 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
- From 5,718,400 tonnes, data in 2015. A generic 1.0 GWe Light Water Reactor (LWR) producing 6.6 TWh per year requires about 150 tons of natural uranium. 5,718,400/150*6.6 = 2,516,000 TWh/yr [WNA, 2016a.]
- In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
- Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
- From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 6,355,000 tonnes. [WNA, 2017a.] It is estimated that one ton of thorium can produce as much energy as 35 tons of uranium in a liquid fluoride thorium reactor. Thus, equivalent to 9,786,700 TWh/yr. [Ting, Jason. Thorium Energy Viability. 2015.]
- [Ramachandra & Shruthi, 2007]
- ~1500 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2016]
- Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- [REN21, 2016]
- From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- From 2017 to 2018 [REN21, 2018]
- Installed solar generating capacity (GW) growth rate 4.9%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018n]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- From 6,500 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
- Data in 2018 [REN 21, 2019]
- Data from 2020 [REN 21, 2021]
- Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
- Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019a]
- From 2017 to 2018 [REN21, 2019]
- From 227GW in 2015, 780GW in 2030, by calculation [REN21, 2016] ; [IRE, 2016]
- Lower Range for Utility Scale PV [Lazard, 2018]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
- From 20-25% of LCOE; data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- From 20-25% of LCOE; data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- From 72 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
- The theoretical potential of low temperature thermal far exceeds human energy demand. [Edenhofer et al., 2011]
- Data in 2018 [REN 21, 2019]
- Data from 2020 [REN 21, 2021]
- Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
- Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
- Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019a]
- From 2017 to 2018 [REN21, 2019]
- In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- From 149.1-314.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 149.1-314.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 4,600 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
- Data in 2018 [REN 21, 2019]
- Data from 2020 [REN 21, 2021]
- Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
- Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
- Data in 2017 [REN21, 2018]
- From 2017 to 2018 [REN21, 2019]
- From 4.8GW in 2015, 44GW in 2030, by calculation, p140 Table R1 [REN 21, 2016; IRE, 2016]
- Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- From 0.02-0.03 USD/kWh for Parabolic Though Collector(PTC),0.03-0.04 USD/kWh for Solar Tower(ST); data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- From 0.02-0.03 USD/kWh for Parabolic Though Collector(PTC),0.03-0.04 USD/kWh for Solar Tower(ST); data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- From 5800 EJ/yr [REN21, 2004]
- []
- Data from 2020 [REN 21, 2021]
- Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Data in 2018 [BP, 2019]
- Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019a]
- From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Installed wind-powered generating capacity (GW) growth rate 3.1%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018m]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- From 37.7-172.7 $(2016)/MWh,projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 37.7-172.7 $(2016)/MWh,projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 94.8953 TW [WWEA, 2014]
- From 13.6 TW [Zhou et al., 2012]
- Data in end 2018 [GWEC, 2019]
- Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
- From 789,807 GWh, data in 2016 [IRENA, 2017]
- Data in 2018 [REN21, 2019]
- From 2017 to 2018 [REN21, 2019]
- Production growth rate, projected to 2020 [EIA, 2015c]
- Data in 2018 [Lazard, 2018]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- From 56 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
- From ~61 TW [Makridis, 2013]
- [Ackermann et al., 2004.]
- Data in end 2018 [GWEC, 2019]
- Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
- From 35,973 GWh, data in 2016 [IRENA, 2017]
- Data in 2018 [REN21, 2019]
- From 2017 to 2018 [REN21, 2019]
- Production growth rate, projected to 2020 [EIA, 2015c]
- Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [NREL, 2018]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- From 1,800 TW [Marvel et al., 2013]
- Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
- From 52 pWh/yr [Hoes et al., 2017]
- [WEC, 2017d]
- Data from 2020 [REN 21, 2021]
- Data in 2018 [IHA, 2019]
- Data in 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019a]
- From 2017 to 2018 [BP, 2019b]
- Installed hydroelectric generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.0%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018p]
- Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRENA, 2018]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
- In 2017 dollars [NREL, 2019]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- [Johansson et al., 2004]
- From upper range of 1.8-33 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2012]
- Data from 2020 [REN 21, 2021]
- Data in 2018 [IEA, 2019b]
- From 963 GWh, data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
- 1GW in 2015, 11GW in 2030, capacity growth rate 2015-2030 [Raventos et al., 2010.]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- [WEC, 2017c]
- [Krewitt et al., 2009]
- Wave and tidal energy [REN 21, 2016]
- From nearly 1TWh, data in 2017. [REN21, 2018]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- From 148 EUR/MWh [IRE, 2014b]
- From 148 EUR/MWh [IRENA, 2014b]
- [EY, 2013]
- [WEC, 2017c]
- Not at a commercial scale
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- From 3.7 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
- Data in 2017 [REN21, 2018]
- Data in 2018 [IEA, 2019b]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- From 75 £/MWh, projected to 2030 [Hundleby & Blanch, 2016]
- [IEA, 2017a]
- The total technical potential for salinity gradient power is estimated to be around 647 gigawatts (GW) globally, (compared to a global power capacity in 2011 of 5 456 GW), which is equivalent to 5,177 terawatt-hours (TWh), or 23% of electricity consumption in 2011. [IRE, 2014a]
- [EY, 2016]
- Not at a commercial scale
- From 45 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
- From upper range of 1.2-22 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2012]
- From 14.1 GW power and 32 GW direct use [REN21, 2021]
- Data in 2018 [REN21, 2019]
- From 170TWh or 613 PJ, data in 2017. [REN21, 2018]
- Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019a]
- From 2017 to 2018 [REN21, 2019]
- Geothermal generating capacity (GW) growth rate 4.4%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018q]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- [IRENA, 2018]
- In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
- Data in 2019 [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- Data in 2019 [Lazard, 2019]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- Projections for 2030 [NREL, 2018]
- [EBIA]
- From upper range of 160–270 EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
- From 130 GW bio-power and 421 GW bio-heat [REN 21, 2019]
- Data in 2018 [REN21,2019]
- From 62.5 EJ, data in 2016 [REN21, 2017, p45]
- Data in 2019 [EIA, 2019a]
- From 2017 to 2018 (using bio-electricity as a proxy) [REN21, 2019]
- Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018r]
- Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- In 2016 dollars[NREL, 2018]
- Data in 2019, vary based on technology [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2019 [EIA, 2020]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- In 2017 dollars [NREL, 2019]
- From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- Agricultural residues (10–66 EJ), forestry residues (3–35 EJ), forestry (60–230 EJ). Sum to 73 - 331 EJ, equivalent to 20,278 - 91,944 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
- From 49 EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
- Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
- Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
- Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018f]
- Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018d]
- Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018r]
- [REN 21, 2013]
- [REN 21, 2013]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From upper range of 12-120 EJ, equivalent to 3,333-33,333 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
- From 11EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
- Data from 2019 [IRENA, 2020]
- Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
- Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
- Data in 2018 upto November, for US. [EIA, 2018e]
- Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018c]
- Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018r]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- Data from 2019 [World Biogas Association, 2019]
- Data from 2019 [World Biogas Association, 2019]
- Data from 2019 [IRENA, 2020]
- Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
- Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
- [GCB, 2013]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- Data from 2019 [IRENA, 2020]
- Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
- Data in 2017 [World Bioenergy Association, 2019]
- Data in 2019 [IEA, 2020b]
- Data in 2019 [IEA, 2020b]
Energy Storage Technologies
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
- [Argyrou et al.,2018]
- [ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [ Acar, 2018]
- [Argyrou et. al, 2018]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Argyrou et al. 2018]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- Underground CAES: 5-400 MW; aboveground CAES: 3-15 MW [ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
- Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
- [Argyrou et al.,2018]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [ Acar, 2018]
- [ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Argyrou et al. 2018]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Acar, 2018]
- Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
- [Argyrou et al.,2018]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Acar, 2018]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
- [Argyrou et al.,2018]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [ Acar, 2018]
- [ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
- [ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
- [ Argyrou et al. 2018]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Argyrou et al. 2018]
- [Argyrou et al. 2018]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
- [Argyrou et al.,2018]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
- [ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
- [ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
- [Argyrou et al. 2018]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Gur, 2018]
- [Gur, 2018]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
- For all Ni based batteries installed upto 2017[Argyrou et al.,2018]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [ Argyrou et. al, 2018]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- Data from June, 2019[US DOE, 2019]
- [Argyrou et al.,2018]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Argyrou et al.,2018]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [Zhao et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- converted from 399-779 €/kWh [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- from average 25 €/kW-yr [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
availability | installed scale | growth | cost | ||||||||||||||||||
Capital Costs (USD/kW) | Fixed O&M Costs (USD/kW-yr) | Variable O&M Costs (USD/MWh) | Levelized Costs (USD/MWh) | Projected Costs (USD/MWh) | |||||||||||||||||
Energy Source | Resource (TWh) | Resource (TWh/yr) | Reserve (TWh) | Reserve (TWh/yr) | Installed Capacity (GW) | Production, Elec (TWh) | Total Primary Energy Supply (TWh) | Capacity Factor (%) | Current Rates (%) | Projected Rates (%) | min | max | min | max | min | max | min | max | min | max | Lifetime Costs (USD/MWh) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Totals | 764,233,095 | 39,404,277 | 12,358 | 75,199 | 170,785 | ||||||||||||||||
Coal | 169,178,121 [1] | 8,707,907 [2] | 2,100 [3] | 10,101 [4] | 43,870 [5] | 47.5 [6] | 4.3 [7] | 0.2 [8] | 226 [9] | 5,851 [10] | 33 [11] | 80 [12] | 1.3 [13] | 10.93 [14] | 66 [15] | 152 [16] | 71 [17] | 148 [18] | 65 [19] | ||
Hard | 25,351,074 [20] | 6,098,969 [21] | 8,871 [22] | 35,997 [23] | 3.3 [24] | 86.45 [25] | 106.4 [26] | 45.1 [27] | [28] | ||||||||||||
Soft | 111,328,175 [29] | 2,608,938 [30] | 3,226 [31] | 10,006 [32] | 1.26 [33] | 50.54 [34] | 69.16 [35] | ||||||||||||||
Peat | 7,453,200 [36] | 1,917,000 [37] | 10 [38] | 93 [39] | -19 [40] | ||||||||||||||||
Oil | 10,553,600 [41] | 2,947,630 [42] | 490 [43] | 803 [44] | 51,893 [45] | 12.7 [46] | 2.4 [47] | -1.1 [48] | 62.3 [49] | [50] | 61.54 [51] | 80.09 [52] | |||||||||
Conventional Crude | 3,600,600 [53] | 2,226,490 [54] | 990 [55] | 43,851 [56] | 2.4 [57] | 0.6 [58] | 27.6 [59] | 70.6 [60] | 58.3 [61] | ||||||||||||
Tar sands | 3,175,600 [62] | 1,020,000 [63] | 122 [64] | 1,704 [65] | 2.97 [66] | 37.17 [67] | 46.51 [68] | ||||||||||||||
Tight oil | 911,200 [69] | 711,881 [70] | 2,960 [71] | 9.015 [72] | 31.3 [73] | [74] | |||||||||||||||
Oil shale | 7,292,153 [75] | 586,500 [76] | [77] | 119 [78] | -6.5 [79] | 35 [80] | |||||||||||||||
Gas | 212,694,686 [81] | 6,289,481 | 1,800 [82] | [83] | 38,484 [84] | 56.8 [85] | 5.2 [86] | 1.2 [87] | 671 [88] | 2,470 [89] | 11 [90] | 35.01 [91] | 3 [92] | 5.82 [93] | 44 [94] | 199 [95] | 40 [96] | 129 [97] | |||
Conventional Gas | 4,408,975 [98] | 2,057,066 [99] | 1,800 [100] | 6,183 [101] | 40,871 [102] | 5.3 [103] | 2.2 [104] | [105] | [106] | 44 [107] | 199 [108] | 53.2 [109] | 152.1 [110] | 52 [111] | |||||||
Shale gas | 2,628,826 [112] | 2,220,482 [113] | 4,279 [114] | 4,469 [115] | 54.13 [116] | 3.6 [117] | 69 [118] | 91 [119] | 17.3 [120] | ||||||||||||
Coalbed methane | 507,136 [121] | 48,357 [122] | 856 [123] | 3.6 [124] | 46 [125] | ||||||||||||||||
Methane hydrates | 205,149,749 [126] | 1,963,576 [127] | 8,632 [128] | 3.6 [129] | 16 [130] | 29.3 [131] | |||||||||||||||
Nuclear | 490 [132] | 2,701 [133] | 7,109 [134] | 93.5 [135] | 2.4 [136] | 1 [137] | 5,947 [138] | 6016 [139] | 99 [140] | 121.13 [141] | 2 [142] | 2.36 [143] | 118 [144] | 192 [145] | 61 [146] | 93.8 [147] | 146 [148] | ||||
Uranium fission | 2,516,000 [149] | 63 [150] | 189 [151] | 61 [152] | 93.8 [153] | ||||||||||||||||
Thorium fission | 9,786,700 [154] | ||||||||||||||||||||
Solar | 152,033,485 [155] | 720,000 [156] | 1,267.2 | 594.2 [157] | 1,694 [158] | [159] | 28.9 [160] | 4.9 [161] | 32 [162] | 181 [163] | |||||||||||
Photovoltaic (PV) | 56,940,000 [164] | 469,000 [165] | 760 [166] | 584.6 [167] | 244 [168] | 24.5 [169] | 24.7 [170] | 9 [171] | 950 [172] | 1331 [173] | 15.19 [174] | 23 [175] | 20 [176] | 25 [177] | 32 [178] | 44 [179] | 20 [180] | 74 [181] | 72 [182] | ||
Low-temp thermal | [183] | [184] | 501 [185] | 9.6 [186] | 10 [187] | 21.2 [188] | 1.69 [189] | 95 [190] | 181 [191] | 155.4 [192] | 340.6 [193] | ||||||||||
High-temp thermal | 40,296,000 [194] | 2,230,000 [195] | 6.2 [196] | [197] | 8 [198] | 29.6 [199] | 11 [200] | 16 [201] | 4,798 [202] | 7191 [203] | 85.03 [204] | 20 [205] | 40 [206] | 126 [207] | 156 [208] | ||||||
Wind | 1,611,111 [209] | 278,000 [210] | 743.0 [211] | 1,128 [212] | 1,128 [213] | 36 [214] | 12.60 [215] | 3.1 [216] | 28 [217] | 115 [218] | 37.7 [219] | 172.7 [220] | |||||||||
Onshore | 831,324 [221] | 119,500.0 [222] | 574.5 [223] | 790 [224] | 790 [225] | 35 [226] | 11 [227] | 12 [228] | 1,150 [229] | 1319 [230] | 26.22 [231] | 51 [232] | 0.02 [233] | 0.03 [234] | 28 [235] | 54 [236] | 29 [237] | 132 [238] | 56 [239] | ||
Offshore | 534,360 [240] | 36,999.0 [241] | 24.8 [242] | 36.0 [243] | 36 [244] | 53 [245] | 23.53 [246] | 24 [247] | 3,025 [248] | 4356 [249] | 20 [250] | 109.54 [251] | 64 [252] | 115 [253] | 66 [254] | 164 [255] | |||||
High-altitude | 15,768,000 [256] | [257] | |||||||||||||||||||
Hydro | 52,000 [258] | 10,000 [259] | 1,170 [260] | 4,200 [261] | 11,025 [262] | 39.1 [263] | 3.1 [264] | 1 [265] | 1,000 [266] | 2752 [267] | 15 [268] | 41.63 [269] | 0.003 [270] | 35 [271] | 71 [272] | 36 [273] | 69 [274] | ||||
Ocean | 2,040,000 [275] | 9,200 [276] | 0.500 [277] | 1.2 [278] | 1 [279] | 22.4 [280] | 70 [281] | 940 [282] | |||||||||||||
Wave | 29,500 [283] | 5,555 [284] | 1.0 [285] | 1 [286] | 30-35 [287] | 3,600 [288] | 15,300 [289] | 100 [290] | 500 [291] | 70 [292] | 940 [293] | 165 [294] | 198 [295] | ||||||||
Thermal conversion | 10,000 [296] | 32,000 [297] | Not at a commercial scale [298] | Not at a commercial scale | 97 [299] | 15,000 [300] | 30,000 [301] | 480 [302] | 950 [303] | 350 [304] | 650 [305] | ||||||||||
Tidal/currents | 32,412 [306] | 0.5000 [307] | 1.2 [308] | Not at a commercial scale | 35-42 [309] | 4,300 [310] | 8,700 [311] | 150 [312] | 530 [313] | 210 [314] | 470 [315] | 94 [316] | |||||||||
Salinity gradients | 5,177 [317] | 5,177 [318] | 0.000 [319] | Not at a commercial scale [320] | Not at a commercial scale | Not at a commercial level | |||||||||||||||
Geothermal | 394,200 [321] | 6,000 [322] | 46.1 [323] | 89.3 [324] | 157 [325] | 74.4 [326] | 5.1 [327] | 4 [328] | 2,680 [329] | 6,400 | 113.29 [330] | [331] | 1.16 [332] | 69 [333] | 112 [334] | 80 [335] | 230 [336] | ||||
Biomass | 408,611 [337] | 75,000 [338] | 551 [339] | 15,425 [340] | 15,424 [341] | 59.2 [342] | 9.6 [343] | 1 [344] | 2,668 [345] | 4,080 [346] | 53 [347] | 125.19 [348] | 0.005 [349] | 4.81 [350] | 55 [351] | 113 [352] | 73.2 [353] | 114.5 [354] | |||
Wood and residues | 91,944 [355] | 13,611 [356] | 13,333 [357] | 13,333 [358] | 50.7 [359] | 6.79 [360] | 1 [361] | 200 [362] | 5,500 [363] | 55 [364] | 114 [365] | 73.2 [366] | 114.5 [367] | ||||||||
Waste | 33,333 [368] | 3,055 [369] | 14.5 [370] | 694.0 [371] | 694 [372] | 73.24 [373] | 0.23 [374] | 1 [375] | 55 [376] | 114 [377] | 73.2 [378] | 114.5 [379] | |||||||||
Energy crops | 4,157 [380] | 297.0 [381] | 19.0 [382] | 1,027.8 [383] | 1027.8 [384] | [385] | 55 [386] | 114 [387] | 73.2 [388] | 114.5 [389] | |||||||||||
Biogas | 19.5 | 369.44 | 369.44 | 50 | 190 |
power | capacity | duration | efficiency | lifetime | mobility | cost | density | ||||||||
Storage Type | Power Rating/Rated Power (MW, range) | Rated Energy Capacity (MWh, range) | Installed Capacity (GW) | Storage Duration | Discharge/cycle duration | Cycle/Roundtrip Efficiency (%, range) | Lifetime (yrs) | Lifetime (cycles) | Mobile vs. Stationary | Capital Cost ($/kWh) | Fixed Operation + Maintenance ($/kW-yr) | Variable Operation + Maintenance ($/kWh) | Technical Maturity | Energy Density | Power Density |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mechanical | |||||||||||||||
Pumped Hydro | 100-5000 [390] | 500-40000 [391] | 169 [392] | h-days [393] | 1-24h [394] | 70-85 [395] | 30-60 [396] | 20,000-50,000 [397] | Stationary | 50-100 [398] | 15.9 [399] | 0.00025 [400] | Actual system proven in operational environment [401] | 0.2-2 Wh/L [402] | 0.5-1.5 W/L [403] |
Compressed Air (CAES) | 100-300 [404] | 1000-20000 [405] | 0.64 [406] | h-days [407] | 1-24h [408] | 41-75 [409] | 20-40 [410] | >13,000 [411] | Stationary | 2-50 [412] | 16.7 [413] | 0.00295 [414] | System complete and qualified [415] | ~12 Wh/L [416] | 0.5-2 W/L [417] |
Flywheel | 0.1-2 [418] | 0.0052-5 [419] | 0.93 [420] | s-min [421] | ms-15m [422] | 80-90 [423] | 15-20 [424] | ~100000 [425] | Stationary | 200-500 [426] | 5.6 [427] | 0.00027 [428] | Actual system proven in operational environment [429] | 20-80 Wh/L [430] | ~5000 W/L [431] |
Electrochemical | |||||||||||||||
Secondary Batteries | |||||||||||||||
Lead-acid | 0-20 [432] | <10 [433] | 0.08 [434] | min-days [435] | s-h [436] | 75-85 [437] | 3-12 [438] | 200-1800 [439] | Mobile | 200-500 [440] | 50 [441] | 0.0002 [442] | Actual system proven in operational environment [443] | 25-45 Wh/kg [444] | 180-200 W/kg [445] |
Li-Ion | 0-0.1 [446] | <200 [447] | 1.12 [448] | min-days [449] | m-h [450] | 90-97 [451] | 10-15 [452] | 1000-10000 [453] | Mobile | 600-2500 [454] | 8.6 [455] | 0.00054 [456] | Actual system proven in operational environment [457] | 150-210 Wh/kg [458] | 500-2000 W/kg [459] |
NaS | 0.05-8 [460] | 0.1–244.8 [461] | 0.03 [462] | h-days [463] | s-h [464] | 75-90 [465] | 10~15 [466] | 2,500-4,500 [467] | Mobile | 300-500 [468] | 80 [469] | 0.0004 [470] | Actual system proven in operational environment [471] | 15-300 Wh/L [472] | 120-160 W/L [473] |
Flow Battery | |||||||||||||||
Redox Flow | 0.01-10 [474] | 0.1-120 | h-months [475] | s-10h [476] | 65-85 [477] | 5~10 [478] | 10,000-13,000 [479] | Mobile | 300-515 [480] | 10.6 [481] | 1.1 [482] | Actual system proven in operational environment [483] | 10-35 Wh/kg | 166W/kg | |
Hybrid Flow | NA | NA [484] | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Mobile | NA | NA | NA | Actual system proven in operational environment | |||
Electrical | |||||||||||||||
Capacitor/Supercapacitor | 0-0.05 [485] | 0.0025-0.02 [486] | 0.08 [487] | s-h [488] | ms-60m [489] | 60-65 [490] | 5~8 [491] | 50000 [492] | Mobile | 300-2000 [493] | 1 [494] | 0-0.05 [495] | Actual system proven in operational environment [496] | 2~30 [497] | 100000+ [498] |
Super Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) | 0.1-10 [499] | 0.0008-0.015 [500] | min-h [501] | ms-8s [502] | 95-98 [503] | 15~20 [504] | >100,000 [505] | Stationary | 1000-10000 [506] | 18.5 [507] | 0.001 [508] | Actual system proven in operational environment [509] | ~6 Wh/L [510] | 1000-4000 W/L [511] | |
Thermochemical | |||||||||||||||
Solar Fuels | 0-10 [512] | NA | h-months [513] | 1~24 [514] | ~20-30 [515] | NA | NA | Stationary | NA | NA | NA | Technology demonstrated in relevant environment [516] | 500-10,000 | NA | |
Chemical | |||||||||||||||
Hydrogen Fuel Cell/Electrolyzer | 0-50 [517] | 0.312 [518] | 0.015 [519] | h-months [520] | s-24h [521] | 34-44 [522] | 10-30 [523] | 20000 [524] | Mobile | 470-925 [525] | 30 [526] | NA | System complete and qualified [527] | 500-3000 [528] | 500+ [529] |
Thermal | |||||||||||||||
Sensible/latent heat storage | 0.1–300 [530] | NA | min-months [531] | 1-24h [532] | ~30-60 [533] | 5~20 [534] | NA | Stationary | 20-60 [535] | NA | NA | Actual system proven in operational environment [536] | 80-500 | NA |
About AGCI
AGCI has become an intellectual proving ground, a ferment for new ideas and concepts, and a place where the different disciplines actually talk, and progress. Hal Harvey
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AGCI has been the most prominent place for developing interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary dialogues between scientists and practitioners.Guy Brasseur
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