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AGCI Interactive Energy Table
- Sum of hard coal, soft coal, and peat; data in 2014 [WEC, 2017a; WEC, 2013a; ]
- From 1139331 million tons of coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 9275293.671 TWh, latest data at the end of 2016 [BP, 2017]
- Data in 2015 [Statistia, 2018a]
- From 9,538,300 GWh, equivalent to 9538.3 TWh, data in 2015 [< http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2014&country=WORLD&product=Coal">IEA, 2018c]
- Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
- Data in 2016 [IEA, 2017b]
- Installed coal-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate 0.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018c]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 102.6-180.4 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 102.6-180.4 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 65 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
- From 17,713,376 million tons of hard coal resource; data in 2014. [WEC, 2017a]
- From 816214 million tons of hard coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 6644798.174 TWh; latest data at the end of 2016 [BP, 2017]
- From Sub-bituminous coal (649513kt), Lignite (539433kt), total to 1188946 kt (9679.21 TWh), electricity efficiency 0.33, equivalent to 3226 TWh in 2014 [EIA, 2018c]
- Data in 2016, by calculation; coking coal_steaming coal [IEA, 2017b]
- From 65-80 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
- From 65-80 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
- Projected to 2040 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
- Projected to 2040 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
- From 4,418,658 million tons of soft coal resource; data in 2014. [WEC, 2017a]
- From 323117 million tons of soft coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 2630495.497 TWh, latest data at the end of 2016 [BP, 2017]
- Subbituminous(25,082,899TJ)+Lignite(10,937,540TJ) = 36,020,439 TJ, equivalent to 10,006 TWh, data in 2014 [EIA, 2018c]
- Data in 2016, by calculation; lignite [IEA, 2017b]
- From 38-52 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
- From 38-52 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
- From upper end of total peat in situ range of 6,000-13,800 billion m3. Conversion is referred to (Virtanen, 2012) that 23.7 billion m3 of energy peat reserve in situ contents energy 12 800 TWh. [WEC, 2013a; Kimmo Virtanen, 2012]
- From 0.3 trillion tons, conversion 20-23 MJ/kg peat. [Fuchsman, 2012; FAO, 1988]
- From 3535kt (28.78 TWh), electricity efficiency 0.33, equivalent to 9.6 TWh, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018c]
- Data in 2015, by calculation [IEA, 2017b]
- Sum of conventiol crude, tar sands, tight oil, and oil shale
- From 18.4 ZJ of oil (world proven)[Thakur, 2016]
- Data in 2013 [IEA, 2015b]
- Data in 2014 [IEA, 2016]
- Data in 2017, for US; 13.0% for Steam Turbine, 2.0% for Combustion Turbine [EIA, 2018p]
- Data in 2016, by calculation [IEA, 2017c]
- Installed liquids-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate -1.1%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018d]
- From 18.27 (2015$/MMBtu), data in 2015 [EIA, 2016b]
- From 18.27 (2015$/MMBtu), data in 2015 [EIA, 2016b]
- From 18.05-23.49$(2015)/MMBtu, data in 2015. [IEA, 2018o]
- From 18.05-23.49$(2015)/MMBtu, data in 2015. [IEA, 2018o]
- From 3.1 trillion barrels (including initial, proven and probable reserves), equivalent to 5,268,160 TWh. [IEA, 2013a]
- From 1706.7 thousand million barrels of conventiol crude (proved reserves); data in end of 2016. [BP, 2017]
- Latest data in 2015 [IEA, 2018b]
- Data in 2016 [BP, 2017]
- Crude oil /a production growth rate 0.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018e]
- From $45-115/bbl, in 2014-2015 [EIA, 2015b]
- From $45-115/bbl, in 2014-2015 [EIA, 2015b]
- From $95/bbl (nomil $), projected to 2030 [EIA, 2007]
- It is estimated that over 2 trillion barrels (equilavlent to ~3,398,800 TWh) of oil reserves exist in the form of tar sands, although not all of these resources are economically or technically recoverable; data in 2015. [Robert Strauss Center, UT Austin, 2015]
- From ~600 billion barrels [Speight, 2016]
- From oil shale and oil sands 14,973 kt, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018c]
- Production growth rate. From Over the 15-year period CAPP sees crude oil production rising by 1.1 million b/d from 3.852 million b/d in 2015 (actual) to 4.928 million b/d in 2030. Most of the growth will come from oilsands which will rise from 2.365 million b/d to 3.668 million b/d, an increase of about one-third; 2015-2030 [Statista, 2018b]
- From $60.52-75.73/bbl [Giacchetta, 2015b]
- From $60.52-75.73/bbl [Giacchetta, 2015b]
- From 418.9 billion barrels of tight oil (unproved technically recoverable), data updated in 2015 [EIA, 2015a]
- From 175 billion barrels of commercial recoverable tight oil, data in 2013 [OGJ, 2013]
- Production growth rate, 2.0 million b/d in 2012, 7.3 million b/d in 2030, by calculation. [EIA, 2017b]
- From $51/bbl [WorldOil, 2016]
- From $51/bbl [WorldOil, 2016]
- From 4,291 billion barrels [WEC, 2017b]
- From 345 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil resources [EIA, 2013b]
- From oil shale and oil sands 14,973 kt, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018c]
- Data in 2015, by calculation [IEA, 2017]
- 2023-2030 [EIA, 2009]
- Sum of conventional gas and unconventional gas
- From 15.7ZJ of gas (world proved), equivalent to 4,361,111 TWh[Thakur, 2016]
- Data in 2016 [EIA, 2018a]
- Sum of conventional gas and shale gas
- Data in 2017, for US; 54.8% for Combined Cycle, 9.4% for Combustion Turbine, 11.3% for Steam Turbine [EIA, 2018p]
- Data in 2016 [IEA, 2017d]
- Installed tural-gas-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018f]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 10,000 tcf. [Thakur & Rajput, 2011]
- From 6588.8 trilllion cubic feet of conventiol gas (proved reserves), data in end of 2016. [BP, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [EIA, 2018a]
- Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018c]
- Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018a]
- Net tural-gas-fired electricity generation growth rate 2.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018g]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 52 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
- From 16,110 tcf (456 tcm) [WEC, 2013b]
- From 7,576.6 trillion cubic feet of wet shale gas (unproved technically recoverable) [EIA, 2015]
- From 40 bcf/d, data in 2016 [Berman, 2016]
- Data in 2015, by calculation [EIA, 2017a]
- Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018h]
- [Gao & You, 2015]
- [Gao & You, 2015]
- From $5.06/MBtu [BP, 2015]
- From upper limit of 275-11,296 trillion cubic feet [Thakur, 2016 ]
- From ~30% of GIP (gas in place) [Thakur, 2016; FMI, 2018]
- Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018g]
- [Sarhosis et al., 2016]
- From 20,000 trillion cubic meters, or ~ 700,000 Tcf [NETL, 2011]
- From 6,700 Tcf [US DOE, 2011]
- Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018g]
- From $4.70 to $8.60 per MBtu, projected to 2025 [Lester, 2016]
- From $4.70 to $8.60 per MBtu, projected to 2025 [Lester, 2016]
- Data in 2015 [IAEA, 2016]
- Data in 2016 [WNA, 2018]
- Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
- From consumption growth rate 1.3%, data in 2016 [BP, 2017]
- Installed nuclear generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018i]
- Data in 2016 [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 146 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- [Ramachandra & Shruthi, 2007]
- From upper range of 118-2592 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2012]
- Sum of PV, Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal [REN 21, 2017]
- Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
- 18-34
- Data in 2015, by calculation [EIA, 2018b]
- Installed solar generating capacity (GW) growth rate 4.9%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018j]
- From 6,500 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
- 372,000-469,000 by 2050 [Edenhofer et al., 2011]
- Data in 2016 [REN 21, 2017]
- Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
- From 227GW in 2015, 780GW in 2030, by calculation [REN21, 2016; IRE, 2016]
- Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- [EIA, 2016a]
- [EIA, 2016a]
- From 20-25% of LCOE; data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- From 20-25% of LCOE; data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 48.1-115.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 48.1-115.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 72 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
- The theoretical potential of low temperature thermal far exceeds human energy demand. [Edenhofer et al., 2011]
- Data in 2016 [REN 21, 2017]
- Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
- Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
- Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 149.1-314.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 149.1-314.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
- From 4,600 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
- From upper range of 68,900-2,230,000 by 2050 [Edenhofer et al., 2011]
- Data in 2016 [REN 21, 2017]
- Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
- From 4.8GW in 2015, 44GW in 2030, by calculation [REN 21, 2016; IRE, 2016]
- Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- From 0.02-0.03 USD/kWh for Parabolic Though Collector(PTC),0.03-0.04 USD/kWh for Solar Tower(ST); data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- From 0.02-0.03 USD/kWh for Parabolic Though Collector(PTC),0.03-0.04 USD/kWh for Solar Tower(ST); data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Avg. 0.22 USD/kWh, in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- From 5800 EJ/yr [REN21, 2004]
- [Global CCS Institute, 2008]
- Data in end 2016 [GWEC, 2017]
- Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
- Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
- Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
- Installed wind-powered generating capacity (GW) growth rate 3.1%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018k]
- Data in 2016 [EIA, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 37.7-172.7 $(2016)/MWh,projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 37.7-172.7 $(2016)/MWh,projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 94.8953 TW [WWEA, 2014]
- From 13.6 TW [Zhou et al., 2012]
- Data in end 2016 [GWEC, 2017]
- Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2015, by calculation [IRE, 2017; IEA, 2015c]
- Production growth rate, projected to 2020 [EIA, 2015c]
- Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- From 24-141 USD/MWh, avg. 56 USD/MWh, data in 2016 [IRE, 2018b]
- From 24-141 USD/MWh, avg. 56 USD/MWh, data in 2016 [IRE, 2018b]
- From 37.7-69.4 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 37.7-69.4 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 56 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
- From ~61 TW [Makridis, 2013]
- [Ackermann et al., 2004.]
- Data in end 2016 [GWEC, 2017]
- Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2015, by calculation [IRE, 2017; IEA, 2015c]
- Production growth rate, projected to 2020 [EIA, 2015c]
- Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- From 96-208 USD/MWh, avg. 123 USD/MWh, data in 2016[IRE, 2018b]
- From 96-208 USD/MWh, avg. 123 USD/MWh, data in 2016[IRE, 2018b]
- From 111.8-172.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040[EIA, 2017c]
- From 111.8-172.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040[EIA, 2017c]
- From 1,800 TW [Marvel et al., 2013]
- From 52 pWh/yr [Hoes et al., 2017]
- [WEC, 2017d]
- Data in 2016 [IRE, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [IRENA, 2017]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2016, consumption growth rate [BP, 2017]
- Installed hydroelectric generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.0%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018l]
- Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- From 18~246 USD/MWh, avg. 51 USD/MWh, data in 2016 [IRE, 2018b]
- From 18~246 USD/MWh, avg. 51 USD/MWh, data in 2016 [IRE, 2018b]
- From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- [Johansson et al., 2004]
- From upper range of 1.8-33 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2012]
- Data in 2016 [IRE, 2017]
- Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
- 1GW in 2015, 11GW in 2030, capacity growth rate 2015-2030 [Raventos et al., 2010.]
- [WEC, 2017c]
- [Krewitt et al., 2009]
- Wave and tidal energy [REN 21, 2016]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- From 148 EUR/MWh [IRE, 2014b]
- From 148 EUR/MWh [IRE, 2014b]
- [EY, 2013]
- From upper range of 30-90 pWh [WEC, 2017c]
- Not at a commercial scale
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- From 3.7 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
- From 500 kW [Zhou et al., 2014]
- From 1006GWh [IEA, 2018b]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
- From 75 £/MWh, projected to 2030 [Hundleby & Blanch, 2016]
- [IEA, 2017a]
- The total technical potential for salinity gradient power is estimated to be around 647 gigawatts (GW) globally, (compared to a global power capacity in 2011 of 5 456 GW), which is equivalent to 5,177 terawatt-hours (TWh), or 23% of electricity consumption in 2011. [IRE, 2014a]
- [EY, 2013]
- Not at a commercial scale
- From 45 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
- From upper range of 1.2-22 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2012]
- From 13.5 GW power and 23 GW direct use [REN21, 2017]
- Data in 2015 [REN21, 2017.]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
- Geothermal generating capacity (GW) growth rate 4.4%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018m]
- Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 35.3-78.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 35.3-78.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 2900 EJ/yr [EBIA]
- From upper range of 160–270 EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
- From 112 GW bio-power and 311 GW bio-heat [REN 21, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [REN21, 2017.]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2016 [REN 21, 2017; REN 21, 2016]
- Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018n]
- Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- Agricultural residues (10–66 EJ), forestry residues (3–35 EJ), forestry (60–230 EJ). Sum to 73 - 331 EJ, equivalent to 20,278 - 91,944 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
- From 49 EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
- Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018d]
- Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
- Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018d]
- Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018n]
- [REN 21, 2013]
- [REN 21, 2013]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From upper range of 12-120 EJ, equivalent to 3,333-33,333 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
- From 11EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
- Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018]
- Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
- Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018a]
- Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018n]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 22–1,272 EJ, equivalent to 6,111 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
- From 40-110 EJ/yr, projected by 2050. Equivalent to 11,111 TWh - 30556 TWh. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcbb.12141/pdf
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
- From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
- From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
Energy Storage Technologies
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- Underground CAES: 5-400 MW; aboveground CAES: 3-15 MW [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
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- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Luo et al. 2015]
- [Nguyen et al., 2017]
availability | installed scale | growth | cost | ||||||||||||||||||
Capital Costs (USD/kW) | Fixed O&M Costs (USD/kW-yr) | Variable O&M Costs (USD/MWh) | Levelized Costs (USD/MWh) | Projected Costs (USD/MWh) | |||||||||||||||||
Energy Source | Resource (TWh) | Resource (TWh/yr) | Reserve (TWh) | Reserve (TWh/yr) | Installed Capacity (GW) | Production (TWh) | Total Primary Energy (TWh) | Capacity Factor (%) | Current Rates (%) | Projected Rates (%) | min | max | min | max | min | max | min | max | min | max | Lifetime Costs (USD/MWh) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Totals | 840,826,918 | 41,852,286 | 10,062 | 53,077 | |||||||||||||||||
Coal | 187,630,100 [1] | 9,275,294 [2] | 1,646 [3] | 9,538 [4] | 53.3 [5] | -5.93 [6] | 0.2 [7] | 226 [8] | 4,620 [9] | 22 [10] | 70 [11] | 5 [12] | 7.1 [13] | 60 [14] | 143 [15] | 102.6 [16] | 180.4 [17] | 65 [18] | |||
Hard | 144,204,600 [19] | 6,644,798 [20] | 8,871 [21] | -6.28 [22] | 86.45 [23] | 106.4 [24] | 45.1 [25] | [26] | |||||||||||||
Soft | 35,972,300 [27] | 2,630,495 [28] | 3,226 [29] | -3.43 [30] | 50.54 [31] | 69.16 [32] | |||||||||||||||
Peat | 7,453,200 [33] | 1,917,000 [34] | 10 [35] | -33.55 [36] | |||||||||||||||||
Oil | 16,670,994 [37] | 5,111,111 [38] | 452 [39] | 1,023 [40] | 13.0, 2.0 [41] | 0.11 [42] | -1.1 [43] | 62.3 [44] | [45] | 61.54 [46] | 80.09 [47] | ||||||||||
Conventional Crude | 5,268,160 [48] | 2,900,377 [49] | 990 [50] | 0.5 [51] | 0.6 [52] | 27.6 [53] | 70.6 [54] | 58.3 [55] | |||||||||||||
Tar sands | 3,398,800 [56] | 1,020,000 [57] | 122 [58] | 2.97 [59] | 37.17 [60] | 46.51 [61] | |||||||||||||||
Tight oil | 711,881 [62] | 297,396 [63] | 9.015 [64] | 31.3 [65] | [66] | ||||||||||||||||
Oil shale | 7,292,153 [67] | 586,500 [68] | [69] | -6.5 [70] | 35 [71] | ||||||||||||||||
Gas | 216,112,365 [72] | 4,361,111 [73] | 1,682 [74] | 9,822 [75] | 54.8, 9.4,11.3 [76] | 0.8 [77] | 1.2 [78] | 678 [79] | 1,342 [80] | 6.8 [81] | 17.5 [82] | 2 [83] | 10.7 [84] | 42 [85] | 210 [86] | 53.2 [87] | 152.1 [88] | ||||
Conventional Gas | 2,930,711 [89] | 1,930,987 [90] | 1,682 [91] | 5,543 [92] | 2.202 [93] | 2.2 [94] | 678 [95] | 1,342 [96] | 42 [97] | 78 [98] | 53.2 [99] | 152.1 [100] | 52 [101] | ||||||||
Shale gas | 4,721,374 [102] | 2,220,482 [103] | 4,279 [104] | 54.13 [105] | 3.6 [106] | 69 [107] | 91 [108] | 17.3 [109] | |||||||||||||
Coalbed methane | 3,310,531 [110] | 993,159 [111] | 3.6 [112] | 46 [113] | |||||||||||||||||
Methane hydrates | 205,149,749 [114] | 1,963,576 [115] | 3.6 [116] | 16 [117] | 29.3 [118] | ||||||||||||||||
Nuclear | 383 [119] | 2,476 [120] | 92.2 [121] | 1.3 [122] | 1 [123] | 5,945 [124] | 100.28 [125] | 2.3 [126] | 112 [127] | 183 [128] | 87.1 [129] | 93.8 [130] | 146 [131] | ||||||||
Uranium fission | 112 [132] | 183 [133] | 87.1 [134] | 93.8 [135] | |||||||||||||||||
Thorium fission | |||||||||||||||||||||
Lithium fusion | |||||||||||||||||||||
Hydrogen fusion | |||||||||||||||||||||
Solar | 1,500,000,000 [136] | 720,000 [137] | 763.8 [138] | 253.6 [139] | 18-34 [140] | 20.7 [141] | 4.9 [142] | Vary from technology | Vary from technology | Vary from technology | Vary from technology | Vary from technology | |||||||||
Photovoltaic (PV) | 56,940,000 [143] | 469,000 [144] | 303 [145] | 243.6 [146] | 18 [147] | 28 [148] | 9 [149] | 1,388 [150] | 21.8 [151] | 23.9 [152] | 20 [153] | 25 [154] | 43 [155] | 319 [156] | 48.1 [157] | 115.1 [158] | 72 [159] | ||||
Low-temp thermal | [160] | 456 [161] | 9.6 [162] | 21.8 [163] | 6 [164] | 98 [165] | 181 [166] | 155.4 [167] | 340.6 [168] | ||||||||||||
High-temp thermal | 40,296,000 [169] | 2,230,000 [170] | 4.8 [171] | [172] | 34 [173] | 9.7 [174] | 16 [175] | 5,564 [176] | 20 [177] | 40 [178] | 220 [179] | ||||||||||
Wind | 1,611,111 [180] | 278,000 [181] | 486.7 [182] | 826 [183] | 36.7 [184] | 17 [185] | 3.1 [186] | Vary from technology | Vary from technology | Vary from technology | 65 [187] | 250 [188] | 37.7 [189] | 172.7 [190] | |||||||
Onshore | 831,324 [191] | 119,500.0 [192] | 472.3 [193] | 790 [194] | 30 [195] | 16.67 [196] | 12 [197] | 1,477 [198] | 41 [199] | 76 [200] | 0.02 [201] | 0.03 [202] | 24 [203] | 141 [204] | 37.7 [205] | 69.4 [206] | 56 [207] | ||||
Offshore | 534,360 [208] | 36,999.0 [209] | 14.4 [210] | 36.0 [211] | 39 [212] | 43.88 [213] | 24 [214] | 4,239 [215] | 20 [216] | 60 [217] | 96 [218] | 208 [219] | 111.8 [220] | 172.7 [221] | |||||||
High-altitude | 15,768,000 [222] | NA | |||||||||||||||||||
Hydro | 52,000 [223] | 10,000 [224] | 1,246 [225] | 3,996 [226] | 48 [227] | 2.8 [228] | 1 [229] | 1,535 [230] | 15 [231] | 60 [232] | 0.003 [233] | 18 [234] | 246 [235] | 55.3 [236] | 69.7 [237] | ||||||
Ocean | 2,040,000 [238] | 9,200 [239] | 0.536 [240] | 1.0 [241] | 22.4 [242] | Vary from technology | Vary from technology | Vary from technology | Vary from technology | ||||||||||||
Wave | 32,000 [243] | 5,555 [244] | 1.0 [245] | 30-35 [246] | NA | 3,600 [247] | 15,300 [248] | 100 [249] | 500 [250] | 210 [251] | 679 [252] | 165 [253] | 198 [254] | ||||||||
Thermal conversion | 44,000 [255] | 90,000 [256] | Not at a commercial scale [257] | 97 [258] | NA | 15,000 [259] | 30,000 [260] | 480 [261] | 950 [262] | 350 [263] | 650 [264] | ||||||||||
Tidal/currents | 32,412 [265] | 0.0005 [266] | 1.0 [267] | 35-42 [268] | NA | 4,300 [269] | 8,700 [270] | 150 [271] | 530 [272] | 210 [273] | 470 [274] | 94 [275] | |||||||||
Salinity gradients | 2,000 [276] | 5,177 [277] | 0.014 [278] | Not at a commercial scale [279] | NA | Not at a commercial level | |||||||||||||||
Geothermal | 394,200 [280] | 6,000 [281] | 36.5 [282] | 78.0 [283] | 79 [284] | 2.4 [285] | 4 [286] | 2,959 [287] | 110 [288] | 77 [289] | 117 [290] | 36.6 [291] | 85 [292] | ||||||||
Biomass | 805,556 [293] | 75,000 [294] | 433 [295] | 504 [296] | 86 [297] | 8.62 [298] | 1 [299] | 2,668 [300] | 53 [301] | 160 [302] | 0.005 [303] | 55 [304] | 114 [305] | 73.2 [306] | 114.5 [307] | ||||||
Wood and residues | 91,944 [308] | 13,611 [309] | 344 [310] | 50.7 [311] | 6.79 [312] | 1 [313] | 200 [314] | 5,500 [315] | 55 [316] | 114 [317] | 73.2 [318] | 114.5 [319] | |||||||||
Waste | 33,333 [320] | 3,055 [321] | 94.2 [322] | 70.9 [323] | 0.23 [324] | 1 [325] | 55 [326] | 114 [327] | 73.2 [328] | 114.5 [329] | |||||||||||
Energy crops | 6,111 [330] | NA | [331] | 55 [332] | 114 [333] | 73.2 [334] | 114.5 [335] |
power | capacity | duration | efficiency | lifetime | mobility | cost | density | |||||||
Storage Type | Power Rating/Rated Power (MW, range) | Rated Energy Capacity (MWh, range) | Storage Duration | Discharge/cycle duration | Cycle/Roundtrip Efficiency (%, range) | Lifetime (yrs) | Lifetime (cycles) | Mobile vs. Stationary | Capital Cost ($/kWh) | Fixed Operation + Maintenance ($/kW-yr) | Variable Operation + Maintenance ($/kWh) | Technical Maturity | Energy Density (Wh/L) | Power Density (W/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mechanical | ||||||||||||||
Pumped Hydro | 10~5000 [336] | 500-8000 [337] | h-months [338] | 1-24h [339] | 70-82 [340] | 50-60 [341] | 20,000-50,000 [342] | Stationary | 5-100 [343] | 3 [344] | 0.004 [345] | Actual system proven in operational environment [346] | 0.5-1.5 [347] | 0.5-1.5 [348] |
Compressed Air (CAES) | 3-400 [349] | 0-1000; 0.002-0.01 [350] | h-months [351] | 1-24h [352] | 70-90 [353] | 20-40 [354] | >13,000 [355] | Stationary | 2-250 [356] | 19-25 [357] | 0.003 [358] | system complete and qualifie [359] | 3~6 [360] | 0.5-2 [361] |
Flywheel | 0-0.25 [362] | 0.0052-5 [363] | s-min [364] | ms-15m [365] | 93-95 [366] | 15-20 [367] | >13,000 [368] | Staionary | 1000-14000 [369] | 20 [370] | 0.004 [371] | Actual system proven in operational environment [372] | 20-80 [373] | 1000-2000 [374] |
Electrochemical | ||||||||||||||
Secondary Batteries | ||||||||||||||
Lead-acid | 0-20 [375] | 0.001–40 [376] | min-days [377] | s-h [378] | 70-90 [379] | 5~15 [380] | 2,000-4,500 [381] | Mobile | 200-400 [382] | 50 [383] | 0.46 [384] | Actual system proven in operational environment [385] | 50-90 [386] | 10-400 [387] |
Li-Ion | 0-0.01 [388] | 0.004–10 [389] | min-days [390] | m-h [391] | 85-95 [392] | 5~15 [393] | 1,500-4,500 [394] | Mobile | 600-3800 [395] | 8.6 [396] | 2.6 [397] | Actual system proven in operational environment [398] | 200-500 [399] | 1500-10000 [400] |
NaS | 0.05-8 [401] | 0.4–244.8 [402] | s-h [403] | s-h [404] | 75-90 [405] | 10~15 [406] | 2,500-4,500 [407] | Mobile | 300-500 [408] | 80 [409] | 2.2 [410] | Actual system proven in operational environment [411] | 150-300 [412] | 140-180 [413] |
Flow Battery | ||||||||||||||
Redox Flow | 0.03-3 [414] | NA | h-months [415] | s-10h [416] | 65-85 [417] | 5~10 [418] | 10,000-13,000 [419] | Mobile | ~582 [420] | 10.6 [421] | 1.1 [422] | Actual system proven in operational environment [423] | 10-35 Wh/kg | 166W/kg |
Hybrid Flow | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Mobile | NA | NA | NA | Actual system proven in operational environment | ||
Electrical | ||||||||||||||
Capacitor/Supercapacitor | 0-0.05 [424] | 0.0005 [425] | s-h [426] | ms-60m [427] | 60-65 [428] | 5~8 [429] | 50000 [430] | Mobile | 300-2000 [431] | 6~13 [432] | 0-0.05 [433] | Actual system proven in operational environment [434] | 2~30 [435] | 100000+ [436] |
Super Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) | 0.1-10 [437] | 0.0008-0.015 [438] | min-h [439] | ms-8s [440] | 95-98 [441] | 15~20 [442] | >100,000 [443] | Stationary | 500-72000 [444] | 18.5 [445] | 0.001 [446] | Actual system proven in operational environment [447] | 0.2-2.5 [448] | 1000-4000 [449] |
Thermochemical | ||||||||||||||
Solar Fuels | 0-10 [450] | NA | h-months [451] | 1~24 [452] | ~20-30 [453] | NA | NA | Stationary | NA | NA | NA | Technology demonstrated in relevant environment [454] | 500-10,000 | NA |
Chemical | ||||||||||||||
Hydrogen Fuel Cell/Electrolyzer | 0.3-50 [455] | 0.312 [456] | h-months [457] | s-24h [458] | 33-42 [459] | 15-20 [460] | 20000 [461] | Mobile | ~4.6 [462] | 31 [463] | NA | System complete and qualified [464] | 500-3000 [465] | 500+ [466] |
Thermal | ||||||||||||||
Sensible/latent heat storage | 0.1–300 [467] | NA | min-months [468] | 1-24h [469] | ~30-60 [470] | 5~20 [471] | NA | Stationary | 20-60 [472] | NA | NA | Actual system proven in operational environment [473] | 80-500 | NA |
About AGCI
AGCI has become an intellectual proving ground, a ferment for new ideas and concepts, and a place where the different disciplines actually talk, and progress. Hal Harvey
What We Do
The Aspen Global Change Institute has been the most prominent place for developing interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary dialogues between scientists and practitioners.Guy Brasseur
Get Involved
We are called to be architects of the future, not its victims. R. Buckminster Fuller