Citations

AGCI Interactive Energy Table

Sum of hard coal, soft coal, and peat; data in 2014 [WEC, 2017a; WEC, 2013a; ]
From 1139331 million tons of coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 9275293.671 TWh, latest data at the end of 2016 [BP, 2017]
Data in 2015 [Statistia, 2018a]
From 9,538,300 GWh, equivalent to 9538.3 TWh, data in 2015 [< http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2014&country=WORLD&product=Coal">IEA, 2018c]
Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
Data in 2016 [IEA, 2017b]
Installed coal-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate 0.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018c]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 102.6-180.4 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 102.6-180.4 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 65 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
From 17,713,376 million tons of hard coal resource; data in 2014. [WEC, 2017a]
From 816214 million tons of hard coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 6644798.174 TWh; latest data at the end of 2016 [BP, 2017]
From Sub-bituminous coal (649513kt), Lignite (539433kt), total to 1188946 kt (9679.21 TWh), electricity efficiency 0.33, equivalent to 3226 TWh in 2014 [EIA, 2018c]
Data in 2016, by calculation; coking coal_steaming coal [IEA, 2017b]
From 65-80 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
From 65-80 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
Projected to 2040 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
Projected to 2040 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
From 4,418,658 million tons of soft coal resource; data in 2014. [WEC, 2017a]
From 323117 million tons of soft coal (proved reserves), equivalent to 2630495.497 TWh, latest data at the end of 2016 [BP, 2017]
Subbituminous(25,082,899TJ)+Lignite(10,937,540TJ) = 36,020,439 TJ, equivalent to 10,006 TWh, data in 2014 [EIA, 2018c]
Data in 2016, by calculation; lignite [IEA, 2017b]
From 38-52 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
From 38-52 Euro(2013)/MWh, data in 2013; conversion factor 1EU = 1.33USD in 2013 [Fraunhofer ISE, 2013]
From upper end of total peat in situ range of 6,000-13,800 billion m3. Conversion is referred to (Virtanen, 2012) that 23.7 billion m3 of energy peat reserve in situ contents energy 12 800 TWh. [WEC, 2013a; Kimmo Virtanen, 2012]
From 0.3 trillion tons, conversion 20-23 MJ/kg peat. [Fuchsman, 2012; FAO, 1988]
From 3535kt (28.78 TWh), electricity efficiency 0.33, equivalent to 9.6 TWh, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018c]
Data in 2015, by calculation [IEA, 2017b]
Sum of conventiol crude, tar sands, tight oil, and oil shale
From 18.4 ZJ of oil (world proven)[Thakur, 2016]
Data in 2013 [IEA, 2015b]
Data in 2014 [IEA, 2016]
Data in 2017, for US; 13.0% for Steam Turbine, 2.0% for Combustion Turbine [EIA, 2018p]
Data in 2016, by calculation [IEA, 2017c]
Installed liquids-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate -1.1%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018d]
From 18.27 (2015$/MMBtu), data in 2015 [EIA, 2016b]
From 18.27 (2015$/MMBtu), data in 2015 [EIA, 2016b]
From 18.05-23.49$(2015)/MMBtu, data in 2015. [IEA, 2018o]
From 18.05-23.49$(2015)/MMBtu, data in 2015. [IEA, 2018o]
From 3.1 trillion barrels (including initial, proven and probable reserves), equivalent to 5,268,160 TWh. [IEA, 2013a]
From 1706.7 thousand million barrels of conventiol crude (proved reserves); data in end of 2016. [BP, 2017]
Latest data in 2015 [IEA, 2018b]
Data in 2016 [BP, 2017]
Crude oil /a production growth rate 0.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018e]
From $45-115/bbl, in 2014-2015 [EIA, 2015b]
From $45-115/bbl, in 2014-2015 [EIA, 2015b]
From $95/bbl (nomil $), projected to 2030 [EIA, 2007]
It is estimated that over 2 trillion barrels (equilavlent to ~3,398,800 TWh) of oil reserves exist in the form of tar sands, although not all of these resources are economically or technically recoverable; data in 2015. [Robert Strauss Center, UT Austin, 2015]
From ~600 billion barrels [Speight, 2016]
From oil shale and oil sands 14,973 kt, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018c]
Production growth rate. From Over the 15-year period CAPP sees crude oil production rising by 1.1 million b/d from 3.852 million b/d in 2015 (actual) to 4.928 million b/d in 2030. Most of the growth will come from oilsands which will rise from 2.365 million b/d to 3.668 million b/d, an increase of about one-third; 2015-2030 [Statista, 2018b]
From $60.52-75.73/bbl [Giacchetta, 2015b]
From $60.52-75.73/bbl [Giacchetta, 2015b]
From 418.9 billion barrels of tight oil (unproved technically recoverable), data updated in 2015 [EIA, 2015a]
From 175 billion barrels of commercial recoverable tight oil, data in 2013 [OGJ, 2013]
Production growth rate, 2.0 million b/d in 2012, 7.3 million b/d in 2030, by calculation. [EIA, 2017b]
From $51/bbl [WorldOil, 2016]
From $51/bbl [WorldOil, 2016]
From 4,291 billion barrels [WEC, 2017b]
From 345 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil resources [EIA, 2013b]
From oil shale and oil sands 14,973 kt, data in 2014 [IEA, 2018c]
Data in 2015, by calculation [IEA, 2017]
2023-2030 [EIA, 2009]
Sum of conventional gas and unconventional gas
From 15.7ZJ of gas (world proved), equivalent to 4,361,111 TWh[Thakur, 2016]
Data in 2016 [EIA, 2018a]
Sum of conventional gas and shale gas
Data in 2017, for US; 54.8% for Combined Cycle, 9.4% for Combustion Turbine, 11.3% for Steam Turbine [EIA, 2018p]
Data in 2016 [IEA, 2017d]
Installed tural-gas-fired generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018f]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 10,000 tcf. [Thakur & Rajput, 2011]
From 6588.8 trilllion cubic feet of conventiol gas (proved reserves), data in end of 2016. [BP, 2017]
Data in 2016 [EIA, 2018a]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018c]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018a]
Net tural-gas-fired electricity generation growth rate 2.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018g]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 53.2-152.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 52 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
From 16,110 tcf (456 tcm) [WEC, 2013b]
From 7,576.6 trillion cubic feet of wet shale gas (unproved technically recoverable) [EIA, 2015]
From 40 bcf/d, data in 2016 [Berman, 2016]
Data in 2015, by calculation [EIA, 2017a]
Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018h]
[Gao & You, 2015]
[Gao & You, 2015]
From $5.06/MBtu [BP, 2015]
From upper limit of 275-11,296 trillion cubic feet [Thakur, 2016 ]
From ~30% of GIP (gas in place) [Thakur, 2016; FMI, 2018]
Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018g]
[Sarhosis et al., 2016]
From 20,000 trillion cubic meters, or ~ 700,000 Tcf [NETL, 2011]
From 6,700 Tcf [US DOE, 2011]
Tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane production growth rate 3.6%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018g]
From $4.70 to $8.60 per MBtu, projected to 2025 [Lester, 2016]
From $4.70 to $8.60 per MBtu, projected to 2025 [Lester, 2016]
Data in 2015 [IAEA, 2016]
Data in 2016 [WNA, 2018]
Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
From consumption growth rate 1.3%, data in 2016 [BP, 2017]
Installed nuclear generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.2%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018i]
Data in 2016 [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016, vary from technology [EIA, 2016a]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 146 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 87.1-93.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
[Ramachandra & Shruthi, 2007]
From upper range of 118-2592 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2012]
Sum of PV, Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal [REN 21, 2017]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
18-34
Data in 2015, by calculation [EIA, 2018b]
Installed solar generating capacity (GW) growth rate 4.9%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018j]
From 6,500 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
372,000-469,000 by 2050 [Edenhofer et al., 2011]
Data in 2016 [REN 21, 2017]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
From 227GW in 2015, 780GW in 2030, by calculation [REN21, 2016; IRE, 2016]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
[EIA, 2016a]
[EIA, 2016a]
From 20-25% of LCOE; data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 20-25% of LCOE; data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 48.1-115.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 48.1-115.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 72 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
The theoretical potential of low temperature thermal far exceeds human energy demand. [Edenhofer et al., 2011]
Data in 2016 [REN 21, 2017]
Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 149.1-314.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 149.1-314.8 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040. [EIA, 2017c]
From 4,600 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
From upper range of 68,900-2,230,000 by 2050 [Edenhofer et al., 2011]
Data in 2016 [REN 21, 2017]
Low-temp thermal and high-temp thermal; data in 2015 [IRENA, 2018a]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
From 4.8GW in 2015, 44GW in 2030, by calculation [REN 21, 2016; IRE, 2016]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 0.02-0.03 USD/kWh for Parabolic Though Collector(PTC),0.03-0.04 USD/kWh for Solar Tower(ST); data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 0.02-0.03 USD/kWh for Parabolic Though Collector(PTC),0.03-0.04 USD/kWh for Solar Tower(ST); data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Avg. 0.22 USD/kWh, in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 5800 EJ/yr [REN21, 2004]
[Global CCS Institute, 2008]
Data in end 2016 [GWEC, 2017]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
Installed wind-powered generating capacity (GW) growth rate 3.1%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018k]
Data in 2016 [EIA, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [EIA, 2017c]
From 37.7-172.7 $(2016)/MWh,projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 37.7-172.7 $(2016)/MWh,projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 94.8953 TW [WWEA, 2014]
From 13.6 TW [Zhou et al., 2012]
Data in end 2016 [GWEC, 2017]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2015, by calculation [IRE, 2017; IEA, 2015c]
Production growth rate, projected to 2020 [EIA, 2015c]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 24-141 USD/MWh, avg. 56 USD/MWh, data in 2016 [IRE, 2018b]
From 24-141 USD/MWh, avg. 56 USD/MWh, data in 2016 [IRE, 2018b]
From 37.7-69.4 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 37.7-69.4 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 56 USD/MWh in US, in 2017. [Statista, 2018c]
From ~61 TW [Makridis, 2013]
[Ackermann et al., 2004.]
Data in end 2016 [GWEC, 2017]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2015, by calculation [IRE, 2017; IEA, 2015c]
Production growth rate, projected to 2020 [EIA, 2015c]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 96-208 USD/MWh, avg. 123 USD/MWh, data in 2016[IRE, 2018b]
From 96-208 USD/MWh, avg. 123 USD/MWh, data in 2016[IRE, 2018b]
From 111.8-172.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040[EIA, 2017c]
From 111.8-172.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040[EIA, 2017c]
From 1,800 TW [Marvel et al., 2013]
From 52 pWh/yr [Hoes et al., 2017]
[WEC, 2017d]
Data in 2016 [IRE, 2017]
Data in 2016 [IRENA, 2017]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2016, consumption growth rate [BP, 2017]
Installed hydroelectric generating capacity (GW) growth rate 1.0%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018l]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
From 18~246 USD/MWh, avg. 51 USD/MWh, data in 2016 [IRE, 2018b]
From 18~246 USD/MWh, avg. 51 USD/MWh, data in 2016 [IRE, 2018b]
From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
[Johansson et al., 2004]
From upper range of 1.8-33 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2012]
Data in 2016 [IRE, 2017]
Data in 2015 [IRENA, 2017]
1GW in 2015, 11GW in 2030, capacity growth rate 2015-2030 [Raventos et al., 2010.]
[WEC, 2017c]
[Krewitt et al., 2009]
Wave and tidal energy [REN 21, 2016]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
From 148 EUR/MWh [IRE, 2014b]
From 148 EUR/MWh [IRE, 2014b]
[EY, 2013]
From upper range of 30-90 pWh [WEC, 2017c]
Not at a commercial scale
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
From 3.7 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
From 500 kW [Zhou et al., 2014]
From 1006GWh [IEA, 2018b]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
Data in 2016 [WEC, 2017c]
From 75 ￡/MWh, projected to 2030 [Hundleby & Blanch, 2016]
[IEA, 2017a]
The total technical potential for salinity gradient power is estimated to be around 647 gigawatts (GW) globally, (compared to a global power capacity in 2011 of 5 456 GW), which is equivalent to 5,177 terawatt-hours (TWh), or 23% of electricity consumption in 2011. [IRE, 2014a]
[EY, 2013]
Not at a commercial scale
From 45 TW [Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011]
From upper range of 1.2-22 EJ/yr [Moriarty & Honnery, 2012]
From 13.5 GW power and 23 GW direct use [REN21, 2017]
Data in 2015 [REN21, 2017.]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2015 [REN 21, 2016]
Geothermal generating capacity (GW) growth rate 4.4%, 2015-2050 [EIA, 2018m]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 35.3-78.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 35.3-78.1 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 2900 EJ/yr [EBIA]
From upper range of 160–270 EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
From 112 GW bio-power and 311 GW bio-heat [REN 21, 2017]
Data in 2016 [REN21, 2017.]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2016 [REN 21, 2017; REN 21, 2016]
Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018n]
Global average installed cost, data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2017 [IRE, 2018b]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 55.3-69.7 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
Agricultural residues (10–66 EJ), forestry residues (3–35 EJ), forestry (60–230 EJ). Sum to 73 - 331 EJ, equivalent to 20,278 - 91,944 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
From 49 EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018d]
Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018d]
Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018n]
[REN 21, 2013]
[REN 21, 2013]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From upper range of 12-120 EJ, equivalent to 3,333-33,333 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
From 11EJ/yr [Haberl et al., 2010]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018]
Data in 2017, for US. [EIA, 2018p]
Data in 2015 [IEA, 2018a]
Projected production growth rate 2017-2050; data in 2017. [EIA, 2018n]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 22–1,272 EJ, equivalent to 6,111 TWh [Slade et al., 2014]
From 40-110 EJ/yr, projected by 2050. Equivalent to 11,111 TWh - 30556 TWh. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcbb.12141/pdf
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
Data in 2016 [Lazard, 2017]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]
From 73.2-114.5 $(2016)/MWh, projected to 2040 [EIA, 2017c]

Energy Storage Technologies

[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
Underground CAES: 5-400 MW; aboveground CAES: 3-15 MW [ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[ Zakeri & Syri, 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Luo et al. 2015]
[Nguyen et al., 2017]

Energy Source	Resource (TWh)	Resource (TWh/yr)	Reserve (TWh)	Reserve (TWh/yr)	Installed Capacity (GW)	Production (TWh)	Capacity Factor (%)	Current Rates (%)	Projected Rates (%)	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	Lifetime Costs (USD/MWh)
	availability				installed scale			growth		cost
										Capital Costs (USD/kW)		Fixed O&M Costs (USD/kW-yr)		Variable O&M Costs (USD/MWh)		Levelized Costs (USD/MWh)		Projected Costs (USD/MWh)
Totals	840,826,918		41,852,286		10,062	53,077
Coal	187,630,100 ^[1]		9,275,294 ^[2]		1,646 ^[3]	9,538 ^[4]	53.3 ^[5]	-5.93 ^[6]	0.2 ^[7]	226 ^[8]	4,620 ^[9]	22 ^[10]	70 ^[11]	5 ^[12]	7.1 ^[13]	60 ^[14]	143 ^[15]	102.6 ^[16]	180.4 ^[17]	65 ^[18]
Hard	144,204,600 ^[19]		6,644,798 ^[20]			8,871 ^[21]		-6.28 ^[22]								86.45 ^[23]	106.4 ^[24]	45.1 ^[25]	^[26]
Soft	35,972,300 ^[27]		2,630,495 ^[28]			3,226 ^[29]		-3.43 ^[30]								50.54 ^[31]	69.16 ^[32]
Peat	7,453,200 ^[33]		1,917,000 ^[34]			10 ^[35]		-33.55 ^[36]
Oil	16,670,994 ^[37]		5,111,111 ^[38]		452 ^[39]	1,023 ^[40]	13.0, 2.0 ^[41]	0.11 ^[42]	-1.1 ^[43]							62.3 ^[44]	^[45]	61.54 ^[46]	80.09 ^[47]
Conventional Crude	5,268,160 ^[48]		2,900,377 ^[49]			990 ^[50]		0.5 ^[51]	0.6 ^[52]							27.6 ^[53]	70.6 ^[54]	58.3 ^[55]
Tar sands	3,398,800 ^[56]		1,020,000 ^[57]			122 ^[58]			2.97 ^[59]							37.17 ^[60]	46.51 ^[61]
Tight oil	711,881 ^[62]		297,396 ^[63]						9.015 ^[64]							31.3 ^[65]	^[66]
Oil shale	7,292,153 ^[67]		586,500 ^[68]			^[69]		-6.5 ^[70]	35 ^[71]
Gas	216,112,365 ^[72]		4,361,111 ^[73]		1,682 ^[74]	9,822 ^[75]	54.8, 9.4,11.3 ^[76]	0.8 ^[77]	1.2 ^[78]	678 ^[79]	1,342 ^[80]	6.8 ^[81]	17.5 ^[82]	2 ^[83]	10.7 ^[84]	42 ^[85]	210 ^[86]	53.2 ^[87]	152.1 ^[88]
Conventional Gas	2,930,711 ^[89]		1,930,987 ^[90]		1,682 ^[91]	5,543 ^[92]		2.202 ^[93]	2.2 ^[94]	678 ^[95]	1,342 ^[96]					42 ^[97]	78 ^[98]	53.2 ^[99]	152.1 ^[100]	52 ^[101]
Shale gas	4,721,374 ^[102]		2,220,482 ^[103]			4,279 ^[104]		54.13 ^[105]	3.6 ^[106]							69 ^[107]	91 ^[108]	17.3 ^[109]
Coalbed methane	3,310,531 ^[110]		993,159 ^[111]						3.6 ^[112]							46 ^[113]
Methane hydrates	205,149,749 ^[114]		1,963,576 ^[115]						3.6 ^[116]									16 ^[117]	29.3 ^[118]
Nuclear					383 ^[119]	2,476 ^[120]	92.2 ^[121]	1.3 ^[122]	1 ^[123]	5,945 ^[124]		100.28 ^[125]		2.3 ^[126]		112 ^[127]	183 ^[128]	87.1 ^[129]	93.8 ^[130]	146 ^[131]
Uranium fission																112 ^[132]	183 ^[133]	87.1 ^[134]	93.8 ^[135]
Thorium fission
Lithium fusion
Hydrogen fusion
Solar		1,500,000,000 ^[136]		720,000 ^[137]	763.8 ^[138]	253.6 ^[139]	18-34 ^[140]	20.7 ^[141]	4.9 ^[142]	Vary from technology		Vary from technology		Vary from technology		Vary from technology		Vary from technology
Photovoltaic (PV)		56,940,000 ^[143]		469,000 ^[144]	303 ^[145]	243.6 ^[146]	18 ^[147]	28 ^[148]	9 ^[149]	1,388 ^[150]		21.8 ^[151]	23.9 ^[152]	20 ^[153]	25 ^[154]	43 ^[155]	319 ^[156]	48.1 ^[157]	115.1 ^[158]	72 ^[159]
Low-temp thermal		^[160]			456 ^[161]	9.6 ^[162]	21.8 ^[163]	6 ^[164]								98 ^[165]	181 ^[166]	155.4 ^[167]	340.6 ^[168]
High-temp thermal		40,296,000 ^[169]		2,230,000 ^[170]	4.8 ^[171]	^[172]	34 ^[173]	9.7 ^[174]	16 ^[175]	5,564 ^[176]				20 ^[177]	40 ^[178]	220 ^[179]
Wind		1,611,111 ^[180]		278,000 ^[181]	486.7 ^[182]	826 ^[183]	36.7 ^[184]	17 ^[185]	3.1 ^[186]	Vary from technology		Vary from technology		Vary from technology		65 ^[187]	250 ^[188]	37.7 ^[189]	172.7 ^[190]
Onshore		831,324 ^[191]		119,500.0 ^[192]	472.3 ^[193]	790 ^[194]	30 ^[195]	16.67 ^[196]	12 ^[197]	1,477 ^[198]		41 ^[199]	76 ^[200]	0.02 ^[201]	0.03 ^[202]	24 ^[203]	141 ^[204]	37.7 ^[205]	69.4 ^[206]	56 ^[207]
Offshore		534,360 ^[208]		36,999.0 ^[209]	14.4 ^[210]	36.0 ^[211]	39 ^[212]	43.88 ^[213]	24 ^[214]	4,239 ^[215]		20 ^[216]	60 ^[217]			96 ^[218]	208 ^[219]	111.8 ^[220]	172.7 ^[221]
High-altitude		15,768,000 ^[222]					NA
Hydro		52,000 ^[223]		10,000 ^[224]	1,246 ^[225]	3,996 ^[226]	48 ^[227]	2.8 ^[228]	1 ^[229]	1,535 ^[230]		15 ^[231]	60 ^[232]	0.003 ^[233]		18 ^[234]	246 ^[235]	55.3 ^[236]	69.7 ^[237]
Ocean		2,040,000 ^[238]		9,200 ^[239]	0.536 ^[240]	1.0 ^[241]			22.4 ^[242]	Vary from technology		Vary from technology		Vary from technology		Vary from technology
Wave		32,000 ^[243]		5,555 ^[244]		1.0 ^[245]	30-35 ^[246]		NA	3,600 ^[247]	15,300 ^[248]	100 ^[249]	500 ^[250]			210 ^[251]	679 ^[252]	165 ^[253]	198 ^[254]
Thermal conversion		44,000 ^[255]		90,000 ^[256]		Not at a commercial scale ^[257]	97 ^[258]		NA	15,000 ^[259]	30,000 ^[260]	480 ^[261]	950 ^[262]			350 ^[263]	650 ^[264]
Tidal/currents		32,412 ^[265]			0.0005 ^[266]	1.0 ^[267]	35-42 ^[268]		NA	4,300 ^[269]	8,700 ^[270]	150 ^[271]	530 ^[272]			210 ^[273]	470 ^[274]	94 ^[275]
Salinity gradients		2,000 ^[276]		5,177 ^[277]	0.014 ^[278]	Not at a commercial scale ^[279]			NA							Not at a commercial level
Geothermal		394,200 ^[280]		6,000 ^[281]	36.5 ^[282]	78.0 ^[283]	79 ^[284]	2.4 ^[285]	4 ^[286]	2,959 ^[287]		110 ^[288]				77 ^[289]	117 ^[290]	36.6 ^[291]	85 ^[292]
Biomass		805,556 ^[293]		75,000 ^[294]	433 ^[295]	504 ^[296]	86 ^[297]	8.62 ^[298]	1 ^[299]	2,668 ^[300]		53 ^[301]	160 ^[302]	0.005 ^[303]		55 ^[304]	114 ^[305]	73.2 ^[306]	114.5 ^[307]
Wood and residues		91,944 ^[308]		13,611 ^[309]		344 ^[310]	50.7 ^[311]	6.79 ^[312]	1 ^[313]	200 ^[314]	5,500 ^[315]					55 ^[316]	114 ^[317]	73.2 ^[318]	114.5 ^[319]
Waste		33,333 ^[320]		3,055 ^[321]		94.2 ^[322]	70.9 ^[323]	0.23 ^[324]	1 ^[325]							55 ^[326]	114 ^[327]	73.2 ^[328]	114.5 ^[329]
Energy crops		6,111 ^[330]					NA		^[331]							55 ^[332]	114 ^[333]	73.2 ^[334]	114.5 ^[335]

Storage Type	Power Rating/Rated Power (MW, range)	Rated Energy Capacity (MWh, range)	Storage Duration	Discharge/cycle duration	Cycle/Roundtrip Efficiency (%, range)	Lifetime (yrs)	Lifetime (cycles)	Mobile vs. Stationary	Capital Cost ($/kWh)	Fixed Operation + Maintenance ($/kW-yr)	Variable Operation + Maintenance ($/kWh)	Technical Maturity	Energy Density (Wh/L)	Power Density (W/L)
	power	capacity	duration		efficiency	lifetime		mobility	cost				density


Mechanical
Pumped Hydro	10~5000 ^[336]	500-8000 ^[337]	h-months ^[338]	1-24h ^[339]	70-82 ^[340]	50-60 ^[341]	20,000-50,000 ^[342]	Stationary	5-100 ^[343]	3 ^[344]	0.004 ^[345]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[346]	0.5-1.5 ^[347]	0.5-1.5 ^[348]
Compressed Air (CAES)	3-400 ^[349]	0-1000; 0.002-0.01 ^[350]	h-months ^[351]	1-24h ^[352]	70-90 ^[353]	20-40 ^[354]	>13,000 ^[355]	Stationary	2-250 ^[356]	19-25 ^[357]	0.003 ^[358]	system complete and qualifie ^[359]	3~6 ^[360]	0.5-2 ^[361]
Flywheel	0-0.25 ^[362]	0.0052-5 ^[363]	s-min ^[364]	ms-15m ^[365]	93-95 ^[366]	15-20 ^[367]	>13,000 ^[368]	Staionary	1000-14000 ^[369]	20 ^[370]	0.004 ^[371]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[372]	20-80 ^[373]	1000-2000 ^[374]
Electrochemical
Secondary Batteries
Lead-acid	0-20 ^[375]	0.001–40 ^[376]	min-days ^[377]	s-h ^[378]	70-90 ^[379]	5~15 ^[380]	2,000-4,500 ^[381]	Mobile	200-400 ^[382]	50 ^[383]	0.46 ^[384]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[385]	50-90 ^[386]	10-400 ^[387]
Li-Ion	0-0.01 ^[388]	0.004–10 ^[389]	min-days ^[390]	m-h ^[391]	85-95 ^[392]	5~15 ^[393]	1,500-4,500 ^[394]	Mobile	600-3800 ^[395]	8.6 ^[396]	2.6 ^[397]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[398]	200-500 ^[399]	1500-10000 ^[400]
NaS	0.05-8 ^[401]	0.4–244.8 ^[402]	s-h ^[403]	s-h ^[404]	75-90 ^[405]	10~15 ^[406]	2,500-4,500 ^[407]	Mobile	300-500 ^[408]	80 ^[409]	2.2 ^[410]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[411]	150-300 ^[412]	140-180 ^[413]
Flow Battery
Redox Flow	0.03-3 ^[414]	NA	h-months ^[415]	s-10h ^[416]	65-85 ^[417]	5~10 ^[418]	10,000-13,000 ^[419]	Mobile	~582 ^[420]	10.6 ^[421]	1.1 ^[422]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[423]	10-35 Wh/kg	166W/kg
Hybrid Flow	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Mobile	NA	NA	NA	Actual system proven in operational environment
Electrical
Capacitor/Supercapacitor	0-0.05 ^[424]	0.0005 ^[425]	s-h ^[426]	ms-60m ^[427]	60-65 ^[428]	5~8 ^[429]	50000 ^[430]	Mobile	300-2000 ^[431]	6~13 ^[432]	0-0.05 ^[433]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[434]	2~30 ^[435]	100000+ ^[436]
Super Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)	0.1-10 ^[437]	0.0008-0.015 ^[438]	min-h ^[439]	ms-8s ^[440]	95-98 ^[441]	15~20 ^[442]	>100,000 ^[443]	Stationary	500-72000 ^[444]	18.5 ^[445]	0.001 ^[446]	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[447]	0.2-2.5 ^[448]	1000-4000 ^[449]
Thermochemical
Solar Fuels	0-10 ^[450]	NA	h-months ^[451]	1~24 ^[452]	~20-30 ^[453]	NA	NA	Stationary	NA	NA	NA	Technology demonstrated in relevant environment ^[454]	500-10,000	NA
Chemical
Hydrogen Fuel Cell/Electrolyzer	0.3-50 ^[455]	0.312 ^[456]	h-months ^[457]	s-24h ^[458]	33-42 ^[459]	15-20 ^[460]	20000 ^[461]	Mobile	~4.6 ^[462]	31 ^[463]	NA	System complete and qualified ^[464]	500-3000 ^[465]	500+ ^[466]
Thermal
Sensible/latent heat storage	0.1–300 ^[467]	NA	min-months ^[468]	1-24h ^[469]	~30-60 ^[470]	5~20 ^[471]	NA	Stationary	20-60 ^[472]	NA	NA	Actual system proven in operational environment ^[473]	80-500	NA

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