Solution	Examples
Ignore	Surface hydrology, surface-air fluxes
Use a distributed model	Surface hydrology, surface-air fluxes
Use a lumped model with effective parameter values	Surface hydrology, surface-air fluxes
Parameterize interactions between distinct patches	Effects of mesoscale motions in the atmosphere
Parameterize small-scale details	Diffusion approximation
Create a new model to integrate effects of next smallest scale	Cumulus cloud ensembles, Ecophysiological models
Greatly increase model resolution	Ocean GCMs
Refuse	Tropospheric chemistry

Solutions to upscaling problems that arise in modeling of physical and biological processes.